Destruction of the American Dream Essay examples -- Knowledge Dreams S

Destruction of the American DreamIve talked some it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Al ports, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section ofits ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it mustbe examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate settlement of a dream. Selfdestruction, if you willMr. Self DestructIn all of us, there is a duality of existence which allows for the AmericanDream to be indoors our minds. Part of the mind believes in the dream, is swallowedup by its fantasy and perfection, while the other part is the screaming voice ofreality that tries to expose it for the lie that it is. most of the time, such avoice as the second is pushed away, hidden, and ignored, but it is always there, sitting in the back of the mind, driving its owner mad. Our lies cover so many another(prenominal) spectrums and so many facets of life, focusing around the pleasures that keep the dream real in our minds. The pleasure turns to control us, because without it we would see the reality of our twisted world. It takes us where we requisite to go, and gives us what we want to know. A machine that feeds on desire, sex, drugs, money, and so many other things, and that produces a fake sort of happiness so efficientlythat it not only hides its own existence, but makes us want for it to be there andfight to protect it. Ignorance is bliss, and knowledge is destruction.PiggyOne of the primary fuels of the machine of illusions is materialism and money. They are the most easily projected images of success and power and as such,become th... ...oms of two broken states of mind. One of them would like to sit back and do nothing, while the other would like to end it all. What we need, is to develop a way of thought that excludes the other two. A way of honor that leads down a cartroad less trave led, a path that leads to true happiness and true success. The way is hard, the path is long, and nothing is ever easy, but perseverance will bring about a life that is true. With hope, go forward into the world and make the best of yourself. Dont allow the world to tell you how to do it. Find the way for yourself.Works CitedAnyon, Jean. From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work in RereadingAmerica, Gary Columbo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, eds.Gatto, John Taylor. The Seven-Lesson Schoolteacher in Rereading America, GaryColumbo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, eds.

Light and Dark Imagery in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay examp

Light and Dark Imagery in Joseph Conrads Heart of shadowerHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is a novel about a man named Marlow and his journey into the depths of the African Congo. Marlow is in search of a man named Kurtz, an ivory trader. Though Marlow?s physical journey seems rather simple, it takes him further into his own heart and soul than into the Congo. The setting, symbols and causas each contain coruscation and dark images, these images shape the central theme of the novel.Conrad uses light and dark imagery to help create the setting for the story light represents civilization while darkness suggests the uncivilized. The novel opens on the deck of a ride called the Nellie, as we are introduced to the passengers we are told how the sun is slowly fading, and soon darkness will engulf the area. This image is Conrad?s first use of light and darkness he uses it to foreshadow the ultimate darkness Marlow will face. Conrad is warning his readers to be careful, lest they let down their guard and allow the darkness to come them. The other character in the book, Kurtz, is taken over by the evil embodied in the darkness. During Kurtz?s journey into the heart of darkness the isolation, darkness and power all make him lose control of himself and allowed the darkness to take over.Every aspect in Conrad?s book has a deep meaning, which can then be conjugate to the light and dark imagery. In the novel there are two rivers, the Thames and the Congo. The...

suicide Essay -- essays research papers

SuicideSuicide is a signifi ratt cause of death in many western countries. Attempts at suicide, and suicidal thoughts or feelings argon usually a sign indicating that a person is not coping, often as a result of some event or series of events that they personally find prostrating traumatic or distressing. Most people who attempt suicide ar confused about whether or not they want to die. They usually are desperate to find a way to remove or stop emotional pain. A suicide attempt is often a cry for jock that ends in a tragedy. In eight out to ten suicides the person has spoken about their conception before killing themselves. In many cases, their jar can be mitigated, or their prostrating mind will gradually decrease if the person is able to make constructive choices about dealing with the crisis when it is at its worst. In some cases exceeding deaths by motor vehicle accidents annually. Many countries spend limitless amounts of money on safer roads, but very little on suicide k nowingness and prevention, or on educating people about how to make good life choices. They need someone to take them and their emotional pain and discouragement seriously. What is usually virtually helpful is to encourage them to express them-selves without telling them how they should feel or think. In the vast majority of cases a suicide attemptor would choose differently if they were not in great distress and were able to evaluate their options objectively. Most suicidal people give warning signs in the hope that they will be rescued, because they are intent on stopping their emotional pain, not on dying. Suicidal people need friends who will listen patiently and show they care, and referral to a professional if possible. Since this can be extremely difficult, so we whitethorn be better able to recognize and help other people in crisis, and also to find how to prove help or make better choices ourselves.People usually attempt suicide to block unbearable emotional pain, which i s caused by a wide word form of problems. A person attempting suicide is often so distressed that they are unable to see that they have other options. We can help prevent a tragedy by trying to understand how they feel and helping them to look for better choices that they could make. Suicidal people often feel terribly isolated because of their distress, they may not think of anyone they can turn to, fu... ... taken their own lives. By ways known to him alone. God can provide the opportunity for salutary repentance. The perform prays for persons who have taken their own lives. (Catechism of the Catholic Church, Page 608)Suicide is an issue which should be examined at by all angles. Not just from the angle that it is legal injury". End of debate. Rather it should be looked at from the point of view that yes" for some people, they should be allowed to die in peace. Attempted suicide is also relatively archaic in children under the age of 12. After that the rates increase c onstantly with age especially among girls, who are far more at risk of making attempts than boys. A considerable amount is known about the characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters, especially the disturbed care and family problems and the factors that reckless their suicide attempts. Prevention of child, adolescent and self-aggrandizing suicidal behavior is an urgent task. Doctors, other health professionals and teachers play an important role in identifying those most at risk, but this is often difficult because their characteristics are shared by many more individuals who will not carry out suicidal arts.

Plato Vs Socrates Essay -- Philosophy

Platos point of view is varied from many other large numbers. He says that people do wrong not because they are inherently evil, but because they are unclear about what is best for them. While the goodish truly is good, the pleasant do not know good and therefore remove the incorrect belief of good. He is saying someone who is good knows what good is and those who do not do good do not know good itself. Plato believes that the contemporary ball club is mistaken about their interpretations of good and pleasant. Society believes that good is pleasant. Plato portrays this message through the mouth piece of Socrates. The philosopher Polus argues that good is made by the owner. He says one can achieve good through their bodily processs. Good is achievable by all, different to all and can be attained by the possessor through good actions. Socrates argues that his definition is correct. He says civilization does good not for good itself but for other reasons. He say s, humans do make the medication for the sake of medicine but they make this to improve the health and well-being of someone. People are concerned about the results of the good they are doing rather than the action of doing good itself. Socrates mentions that a long distance runner does not run incredibly long distances just for the thrill of running, but the runner runs these long distances to proceed his health and to stay fit. Socrates gives Polus an example as to how his definition of good is wrong. Kings are faced with criminals everyday that must be punished for their wrongful actions. The criminals must be put to death supposedly for the good of the state. This is one example of how a ruler or possessor does what he does he thinks is good. Th... ...in of thirst from ourselves and pleasuring ourselves with drink. I as well question what Socrates says about wrong being an individuals opinion rather than a standard by which we live. It seems like Socrates is saying that no one has morals and society can do wrong and not even realize it. It sounds like humans do not know the difference between right and wrong. He seems as though he knows all and has all the right answers. There is also another way at looking at what Socrates says here. Everybody lives a different lifestyle. Some people live a life dedicated to a certain religion and some people are part of the mafia or live in street alleys. Everyone is going to have their own position on what is wrong and what is not. Even though stealing is wrong homeless people may argue that they needs food to survive and stealing it is the only way they can get it.

My Semester in France Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myself

in that respect was a warm breeze that Friday in folk when I packed my two large bags, kissed my family and friends good-bye, and left my home. Thus the greatest adventure of my life was begun. On my first day of studying in France, I woke up early and took a quasi-shower, which consisted of sprinkling myself with water for hours until all the soap finally drained out(p) of my hair. My dressing procedures were followed by a silent eat that consisted of some bitter-tasting, dark liquid and a hard, bread-like substance. The bread I ate dry, for fear of the dark scary-looking sens of jam. I packed my books and headed off for class.   As in short as I left my street, a man on a bike stared at me as he passed. Stupid Ameri muckle, he thought and went almost his business. Walking on, I passed a bakery with numerous strange mint inside getting their baguettes. They stared at me as I passed, then they all rancid to one another and made various snide remarks about me. They chuckl ed, thinking I didnt understand anything that they were saying.   When I got to the first stoplight, I waited for the little man to cover green. The drivers who had a red light chuckled and thought to themselves, That girl has no idea what shes doing. Dont they have street signs in America? Walking along the street, there was a man walking his dog. I smiled at him, and he scowled and thought, Silly Americans. Always smiling at everything. undermentioned I passed a school, where a number of mothers were chatting outside, having scarce dropped their children off They looked at me, then back at each other. One said, Oh my, I wouldnt wear that unless I was an American.   Eventually, I passed a car repair garage. The hands inside looked up a... ...hing to do with me.   I spent a semester building a life in France. I spent it letting go of what I thought and embracing what I never imagined could be true. I learned a great sens about who I am and what I can accomplish. But I think the most important thing I learned is the magnitude of perception. I think I brought home with me the understanding that the humanity is more a sequence of varying perspectives, than one, defined order. Like the man on the bike and the people on the street and the perform bells-and myself-life is shaped utmost less by reality than by our perception of it.   I scurried home at the sound of the church bells, back through the streets of my little town. The air was crump and cold on that Friday in December when I packed my bags, a little bulkier than before, kissed my family and friends good-bye, And left my home. My Semester in France Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myselfThere was a warm breeze that Friday in September when I packed my two large bags, kissed my family and friends good-bye, and left my home. Thus the greatest adventure of my life was begun. On my first day of studying in France, I woke up early and took a quasi-shower, w hich consisted of sprinkling myself with water for hours until all the soap finally drained out of my hair. My dressing procedures were followed by a silent breakfast that consisted of some bitter-tasting, dark liquid and a hard, bread-like substance. The bread I ate dry, for fear of the dark scary-looking pot of jam. I packed my books and headed off for class.   As soon as I left my street, a man on a bike stared at me as he passed. Stupid American, he thought and went about his business. Walking on, I passed a bakery with numerous strange people inside getting their baguettes. They stared at me as I passed, then they all turned to one another and made various snide remarks about me. They chuckled, thinking I didnt understand anything that they were saying.   When I got to the first stoplight, I waited for the little man to turn green. The drivers who had a red light chuckled and thought to themselves, That girl has no idea what shes doing. Dont they have street signs in America? Walking along the street, there was a man walking his dog. I smiled at him, and he scowled and thought, Silly Americans. Always smiling at everything. Next I passed a school, where a number of mothers were chatting outside, having just dropped their children off They looked at me, then back at each other. One said, Oh my, I wouldnt wear that unless I was an American.   Eventually, I passed a car repair garage. The men inside looked up a... ...hing to do with me.   I spent a semester building a life in France. I spent it letting go of what I thought and embracing what I never imagined could be true. I learned a great deal about who I am and what I can accomplish. But I think the most important thing I learned is the magnitude of perception. I think I brought home with me the understanding that the world is more a sequence of varying perspectives, than one, defined order. Like the man on the bike and the people on the street and the church bells-and myself-life is shaped far less by reality than by our perception of it.   I scurried home at the sound of the church bells, back through the streets of my little town. The air was crisp and cold on that Friday in December when I packed my bags, a little bulkier than before, kissed my family and friends good-bye, And left my home.

My Semester in France Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myself

There was a warm breeze that Friday in September when I packed my two large bags, kissed my family and friends good-bye, and left my family line. Thus the great adventure of my life was begun. On my first day of studying in France, I woke up primeval and took a quasi-shower, which consisted of sprinkling myself with weatr for hours until all the guck finally drained out of my hair. My dressing procedures were followed by a silent breakfast that consisted of some bitter-tasting, down(p) liquid and a hard, bread-like substance. The bread I ate dry, for fear of the dark scary-looking pot of jam. I packed my books and headed off for class.   As soon as I left my street, a military man on a bike sta bolshy at me as he passed. Stupid American, he thought and went about his business. Walking on, I passed a bakery with numerous strange tidy sum inside getting their baguettes. They stared at me as I passed, then they all turned to one some other and made various snide remarks ab out me. They chuckled, sentiment I didnt understand anything that they were saying.   When I got to the first stoplight, I waited for the little man to turn green. The drivers who had a red light chuckled and thought to themselves, That girl has no estimation what shes doing. Dont they have street signs in America? Walking along the street, there was a man go his dog. I smiled at him, and he scowled and thought, Silly Americans. unendingly smiling at everything. Next I passed a school, where a number of mothers were chatting outside, having just dropped their children off They looked at me, then back at each other. unitary said, Oh my, I wouldnt wear that unless I was an American.   Eventually, I passed a car repair garage. The men inside looked up a... ...hing to do with me.   I spent a semester build a life in France. I spent it letting go of what I thought and encompass what I never imagined could be true. I wise to(p) a great deal about who I am and what I can accomplish. But I think the most important thing I learned is the magnitude of perception. I think I brought home with me the understanding that the world is more a sequence of varying perspectives, than one, defined order. Like the man on the bike and the people on the street and the church bells-and myself-life is shaped far less by reality than by our perception of it.   I scurried home at the sound of the church bells, back through the streets of my little town. The air was crisp and cold on that Friday in December when I packed my bags, a little bulkier than before, kissed my family and friends good-bye, And left my home. My Semester in France Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myselfThere was a warm breeze that Friday in September when I packed my two large bags, kissed my family and friends good-bye, and left my home. Thus the greatest adventure of my life was begun. On my first day of studying in France, I woke up early and took a quasi-sho wer, which consisted of sprinkling myself with water for hours until all the soap finally drained out of my hair. My dressing procedures were followed by a silent breakfast that consisted of some bitter-tasting, dark liquid and a hard, bread-like substance. The bread I ate dry, for fear of the dark scary-looking pot of jam. I packed my books and headed off for class.   As soon as I left my street, a man on a bike stared at me as he passed. Stupid American, he thought and went about his business. Walking on, I passed a bakery with numerous strange people inside getting their baguettes. They stared at me as I passed, then they all turned to one another and made various snide remarks about me. They chuckled, thinking I didnt understand anything that they were saying.   When I got to the first stoplight, I waited for the little man to turn green. The drivers who had a red light chuckled and thought to themselves, That girl has no idea what shes doing. Dont they have street sig ns in America? Walking along the street, there was a man walking his dog. I smiled at him, and he scowled and thought, Silly Americans. Always smiling at everything. Next I passed a school, where a number of mothers were chatting outside, having just dropped their children off They looked at me, then back at each other. One said, Oh my, I wouldnt wear that unless I was an American.   Eventually, I passed a car repair garage. The men inside looked up a... ...hing to do with me.   I spent a semester building a life in France. I spent it letting go of what I thought and embracing what I never imagined could be true. I learned a great deal about who I am and what I can accomplish. But I think the most important thing I learned is the magnitude of perception. I think I brought home with me the understanding that the world is more a sequence of varying perspectives, than one, defined order. Like the man on the bike and the people on the street and the church bells-and myself-li fe is shaped far less by reality than by our perception of it.   I scurried home at the sound of the church bells, back through the streets of my little town. The air was crisp and cold on that Friday in December when I packed my bags, a little bulkier than before, kissed my family and friends good-bye, And left my home.

“Our Day out” by Willie Russell Essay

Our Day out by Willie Russell is an energetic and humorous play, about a school trip to Conwy castle. The fall out class, a class for illiterate children, are on a trip to Wales where the liberal Mrs Kay and the strict Mr Briggs fall in completely different ideas about the daytime should be organised.Mrs Kay and Mr Briggs have two distinct personalities that clash frequently th trigger-happyout the play and Willie Russell presents both in an interesting and comical way in his drama.Mrs Kay is a benevolent and fun teacher who treats the children as if they were her own. She always reminds me of a mother hen rather than a teacher. Mr Briggs says this and it sums up exactly what Mrs Kay is like and her view to the children.Her aim on the school trip is for every nonpareil to have fun with the only rule being think of yourselves however also think of others. She genuinely cares for the children and wants them to have an pleasant day out to assuage the social injustice that they fin d themselves up against.Mr Briggs ideology of the children is contrary to Mrs Kays. Mr Briggs is a strict, intolerant and old-fashioned teacher who is has degraded standards and is harsh towards the students. Stop Slater, walkwalk You, boycome here. Now stop. All of youstop Mr Briggs is shouting as the children get off the coach and Mrs Kay casually walks past and pours out some coffee.At the zoo, Mr Briggs lightens up a little and we get to see much of the soft and loving side that he conceals in favour of the harsh and angry one. He is enjoying himself when he explains about all of the different animal types to the children, and in the caf with Mrs Kay, he even offers to do a small presentation at school with some slides. I didnt think the kids who came to you would be too interested in animals. He is pleasantly move with the interest of the children in a topic that he holds close to this heart. However, all the readers hopes of Mr Briggs turning nice are dashed when the child ren attempt to luxate the animals and he returns with vengeance back to the old Mr Briggs, and, with a face of thunder, shouts at the childrenagain.Mrs Kay understands that a lot of the children come from a deprived background and realises with their predicament. She shows this when she chooses to go on the side of the arm Class when they attempt to steal some animals from the zoo. Well Id suggest that if you want the chaos to stop then(prenominal) you should stop seeing it as chaosIts too late for them. Most of them were rejects the day they were borncant we try and give them a good day out She realises that it was probably the closest that they would ever get to an animal and many were just over-excited at the prospect of having something that they would never have.Mr Briggs encounter with chirrup Chandler is a defining moment of the play because when sing is on the top of the cliff we can see that Mr Briggs does not know what it is like to be hum and children like her in t hat situation. He is taken aback at the fact that chant talks back at him which he is not use to. Carol doesnt want to go back to school, she dreams of living in a nice place and has really enjoyed the outing. Briggs thinks she is just being stubborn but what has Carol got to go back to in Liverpool? Briggs begins to see that she is a poor, innocent girl whom no one loves. After the incident with Carol, Mr Briggs changes, he sees the world from her perspective.He becomes more relaxed, insists on a visit to the fair and lets the children treat him like they do Mrs Kay. At the fair he starts to have fun with the children and most are amaze at his attitude change I didnt know you was like that, sir. Y know, all right for a laugh an that. However, as the coach nears Liverpool, existence returns, and Mr Briggs purposely destroys the photo film, which held evidence of his changed relationship with the Progress Class.It is plainly evident in the play, that Mr Briggs is the better teach er academically than Mrs Kay. The headmaster asked Mr Briggs to go along on the school trip keep things in some sort of order and the headmaster describes Mrs Kays attitude to education as one long halting. This epitomises Mrs Kays attitude to teaching as something that should be fun, entertaining and not too serious. Mrs Kay may be an incompetent teacher, but the questionthat needs to be asked is Can the Progress Class be educated? Mrs Kay doesnt seem to think so and is more interested in letting them have an enjoyable childhood than in expanding their knowledge.Teach them? Teach them what? Youll never teach them because nobody knows what to do with themthey havent got anything to aim forI think Willie Russell intends us to sympathise with Mr Briggs and with the children in the Progress Class, especially Carol Chandler.The children are from poor background and have no hope for the future. Carol Chandlers school uniform double as a street outfit and her Sunday best. This shows just how poor the children are their best clothes are their school uniform. Carol, who dreams of being in a nice place, is probably the child worst affected because she has no one to love and no one to love her. She comes from a rough neighbourhood because she says Thats why we never have nothing nice round our way cos wed just smash it up. She took the wop pig and was affectionate towards it because it was something that was her own and something that she could love. Also, the other children seem to ostracise her and the only person she seems to have a proper conversation with is Mrs Kay.Mr Briggs is an intelligent man essay to educate puerile students. All throughout the play he means well to the children and it is a real stab-in-the heart when Carol says I know you hate me. Ive seen you goin home in your car, passin us on the street. And the way y look at us. You hate all the kids When he tells off kids, they take it but after they just ignore him and carry on as normal. He is also the only teacher who doesnt realise (until after the Carol Chandler incident) that the Progress Class are incapable of being educated.Our Day Out by Willie Russell is a funny and light-hearted play but with lots of hidden messages. Wille Russell presents the characteristics of Mr Briggs and Mrs Kay very interestingly and with good humour. We are left with a feeling of ambivalence at the end when Mr Briggs destroys the camera film.Has he changed for good or was it just a one off?

California Shoshone

California Shoshone are a Native American tribe that lived in central California, along the eastern border, at the base of the Sierra Nevadas. Their location dictated their lifestyle. Their houses were made in a cone shape using slabs of bark or brush. They also had sweathouses that they used to halt their skin clean. The main foods of the California Shoshone were pine nuts. They occasionally hunted buffalo, but relied more on salmon fishing, deer, and small game. as well as root gathered by the women . Shoshone hunters used bows and arrows. Fishermen used spears, nets, and basket traps.In war, Shoshone men fired their bows or fought with war clubs and buffalo-hide shields. Shoshone women were in charge of the home. Besides cooking and cleaning, a Shoshone woman built her familys tepee and dragged the heavy posts with her whenever they moved. Shoshone men were hunters and warriors, responsible for feeding and defending their families. Only men became Shoshone chiefs, but both men an d women took part in storytelling, artwork and music, and traditional medicine. People of the California Shoshone wore rabbit or deer skins when they were available. Shoshone women wore long deerskin dresses with wide sleeves.Shoshone men wore breechcloths and leggings as well as buckskin shirts when the weather was cool. work force and women wore moccasins on their feet. slightly other intrest of the Shoshone Indians were bead work, making baskets, and painting. The Shoshone tribe was ruled by a chief. Traditionally, Shoshone people only cut their hair when they were in mourning. Some Shoshones wore facial tatooes and painted their faces for special occasions.. I have learned that California Shoshone had houses, clothes, and food that were available where they lived. They were very fun to learn about.

Health and Environment

The links between purlieu and health shake been recognized since the number 1 of history. The places in which we live, work and play, the peeing we drink, the argumentation we breathe, and the food we eat, all have jolts on health. Health is a State of complete tangible, mental, social and spiritual eudaemonia and not merely the absence of diseases. Human health and the health of all the species atomic number 18 intimately connect to the environment.Health and Importance of the environment A clean environment is essential for human health and well-being as we give the environment as A resource for food supply. An energy source. A source for recreation. A major source for medicines.Human health is based on adequate supply of foods containing the energy, nutrients, and functional properties that argon essential for good health. Humans have met these fundamental take through the consumption of a diverse range of plant and living creature foods available in a wide range of ecosystems. Thus, Environment is directly linked to the existence of life. There is a close impact of biodiversity on human health as it is the foundation of human health. Biodiversity is essential for Guaranteeing the healthiness of humans. Securing the life sustaining goods and services.Biodiversity alike supports- food security, dietary health, livelihood sustainability. Biodiversity besides provides important resources for medical research, like as studies of wildlife anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry stinkpot bullock to important developments in human medicine. Environment takes safeguard of our health by not only providing the basic factors, shelters and foods but also taking the burden of diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that around one hindquarters of the global burden of disease could be reduced through existing environmental interventions. This fraction is eminenter in poor countries and among children.Environment contaminant and Heal th danger Though the environment is of enormous importance for our health, we are polluting the environment in many ways which is really harmful for our health.Air pollution Without air we rout outnot steady give way for minutes but this air is being foul in various ways. Firstly, by burning fossil fuels the smoke is getting mixed into the air. Secondly, a vision of trees are being cut down which are called factory of oxygen, receiving carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Due to the destruction of trees, CO2and carbon mono oxide and other harmful gases are increasing which is severely polluting the air and ruining the ozone layer of earth.Effects on Health and the EnvironmenLike photochemical pollutants, sulfur oxides contribute to the incidence of respiratory diseases. Acid rain, a carcass of precipitation that contains spirited levels of sulfuric or nitric acrids, can contaminate drinking water and vegetation, damage aquatic life, and erode buildings. When a weather phy sique known as a temperature inversion prevents dispersal of smog, inhabitants of the area, especially children and the elderly and chronically ill, is warned to stay indoors and avoid physical stress.The dramatic and debilitating progeny of severe air pollution episodes in cities throughout the worldsuch as the London smog of 1952 that vector sumed in 4,000 deathshave alerted governments to the necessity for crisis procedures. Even casual levels of air pollution may insidiously affect health and behavior. Indoor air pollution is a problem in developed countries, where efficient breakup keeps pollutants inside the structure. In less developed nations, the lack of running water and indoor sanitation can encourage respiratory infections.Carbon monoxide, for example, by driving oxygen out of the bloodstream, ca implements apathy, fatigue, headache, disorientation, and decreased muscular coordination and visual acuity. Air pollution may possibly harm populations in ways so subtle or lento that they have not yet been detected. For that reason research is now under way to assess the long-term afford of chronic exposure to low levels of air pollutionwhat most people experienceas well as to determine how air pollutants interact with one another in the body and with physical factors such as nutrition, stress, alcohol, cigarette smoking, and common medicines.Another subject of investigation is the relation of air pollution to cancer, birth defects, and genetic mutations. . How air pollution affects our health is situated by The length of time we are exposed. Our health status and genetic make-up. The concentration of pollutants. Peaks in air pollution can Make it harder to breathe. Irritate our respiratory system Aggravate symptoms associated with asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Aggravate heart conditions such as angina and heart one shot problems.Water pollutionWater pollution is the contamination o f water bodies (e. g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater), very often by human activities. Water put outs 70% of the Earths sur vitrine and makes up over 60% of the human body. Water pollution affects marine ecosystems, wildlife health, and human well-being. The answer to solving pollution is to make changes in our daily habits and pay to a greater extent attention to the types of products we consume.Causes of Water PollutionSewage from domestic households, factories and commercial buildings Sewage that is treated in water treatment plants is often disposed into the sea.Sewage can be more problematic when people flush chemicals and pharmaceutical substances down the toilet. Dumping solid wastes and littering by humans in rivers, lakes and oceans. industrial waste from factories, which use freshwater to carry waste from the plant into rivers, contaminates waters with pollutants such as asbestos, lead, mercury and petrochemicals. rock oil Pollution caused by oil spills from tankers and oil from ship travel. Oil does not dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge.Burning fossil fuels into the air causes the formation of acidic particles in the atmosphere. When these particles mix with water vapor, the result is acid rain. An increase in water temperature is caused by global warming and thermal plants that use lakes and rivers to cool down mechanical equipment. Effects of Water Pollution Groundwater contamination causes reproductive damage within wildlife in ecosystems. Organic materials that when discharged into waters, increase the offset of algae, which causes the depletion of oxygen.The low oxygen levels upset the natural ecological balance in rivers and lakes. Swimming in and drinking colly water causes skin rashes and health problems like cancer, reproductive problems, typhoid fever and stomach sickness in humans. Industrial chemicals and agricultural pesticides that end up in aquatic environments can accumulate in fish that are later eaten by humans. Mercury is particularly unwholesome to small children and women. Mercury has been found to interfere with the development of the sick system in fetuses and young children.Ecosystems are destroyed by the rising temperature in the water, as coral reefs are affected by the bleaching effect due to warmer temperatures Human-produced litter of items such as plastic bags and 6-pack rings can get aquatic animals caught and killed from suffocation. Water pollution has been extensively documented as a contributor to health problems in humans and marine animal ecosystems. It has a huge impact on our lives, and if we do our part by not throwing trash or chemicals into our water supplies and drains, we can contribute to the improvement of aquatic life and of our health in general.Noise pollutionNoise pollution takes place when there is either prodigal amount of noise or an unpleasant sound that causes temporary disruption in the natural balance. Our environment is such that it has become difficult to escape noise. Even electrical appliances at home have a unalterable hum or beeping sound. By and large, lack of urban planning increases the exposure to unwanted sounds. This is why understanding noise pollution is necessary to curb it in time.Causes of Noise PollutionIndustrialization Most of the industries use big machines which are capable of producing large amount of noise. Apart from that, various equipments like compressors, generators, exhaust fans, grinding mills also participate in producing big noise. Poor Urban Planning In most of the developing countries, poor urban planning also plays a critical role. Congested houses, large families sharing small space, fight over set, frequent fights over basic amenities leads to noise pollution which may disrupt the environment of society.Transportation Large number of vehicles on roads, airplanes flying over houses, underground trains produce heavy noise and people get it difficult to get accustomed to that. T he game noise leads to a situation where in a normal person lose the ability to hear properly While this form of pollution may seem harmless, it in fact has far reaching consequences. The unseemly set up on the health of the environment are quite severe. Not only is the local anesthetic wildlife affected by the pollution, humans also facing a number of problems due to it.Effects of Noise PollutionHearing Problems Any unwanted sound that our ears have not been built to filter can cause problems within the body. Our ears can take in a certain range of sounds without getting damaged. Man make noises such as jackhammers, horns, machinery, airplanes and even vehicles can be too loud for our hearing range. Constant exposure to loud levels of noise can easily result in the damage of our ear drums and discharge of hearing. Health Issues Excessive noise pollution in working areas such as offices, construction sites, bars and even in our homes can influence psychological health.Studies sho w that the occurrence of aggressive behavior, disturbance of sleep, constant stress, fatigue and hypertension can be linked to excessive noise levels. Cardiovascular Issues Blood pressure levels, cardio-vascular disease and stress related heart problems are on the hiking. Studies suggest that high intensity noise causes high blood pressure and increases heart beat rate as it disrupts the normal blood flow. Sleeping Disorders Loud noise can certainly hamper your quiescency configuration and may lead to irritation and uncomfortable situations.Effect on Wildlife Owls and bats are especially affected by plane and traffic noise, as it impacts their abilities to efficaciously hunt. Some scientists believe this could put these animals at risk of extinction. Animals develop a better sense of hearing than us since their survival depends on it. The ill effects of excessive noise begin at home. Pets react more aggressively in households where there is constant noise. They become disoriente d more easily and face many behavioral problems. In nature, animals may suffer from hearing loss, which makes them easy prey and leads to dwindling populations.Land pollutionLand pollution, in other words, means humiliation or destruction of earths surface and soil, directly or indirectly as a result of human activities. Anthropogenic activities are conducted citing development, and the resembling affects the drop off drastically, we witness land pollution by drastic we are referring to any activity that lessens the quality and/or productivity of the land as an deification place for agriculture, forestation, construction etc. The degradation of land that could be used constructively in other words is land pollution.Land Pollution has led to a series of issues that we have come to realize in recent times, after decades of neglect. The increasing numbers of barren land plots and the decreasing numbers of forest cover is at an alarming ratio. Moreover the extension of cities and to wns due to increasing population is leading to further exploitation of the land. Landfills and reclamations are being planned and executed to undertake the increased demand of lands. This leads to further deterioration of land, and pollution caused by the land fill contents.Also due to the lack of green cover, the land gets affected in some(prenominal) ways like soil erosion occurs washing away the fertile portions of the land. Causes of Land Pollution Deforestation and soil erosion Deforestation carried out to micturate dry lands is one of the major concerns. Land that is once converted into a dry or barren land can never be do fertile again, whatever the magnitude of measures to redeem it is. Land conversion, meaning the alteration or modification of the original properties of the land to make it use-worthyfor a specific character is another major cause. Agricultural activities With growing human population, demand for food has increased considerably. Farmers often use highly cyanogenetic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid of insects, kingdom Fungi and bacteria from their crops. However with the overuse of these chemicals, they result in contamination and poisoning of soil. Mining activities During extraction and mining activities, several land spaces are created beneath the surface.We constant hear about land caving in this is nothing but natures way of filling the spaces left out after mining or extraction activity. Overcrowded landfills Each household produces tones of garbage each year. Garbage like aluminum, plastic, paper, cloth, wood is collected and sent to the local recycling unit. Items that cannot be recycled become a part of the landfills that hampers the beauty of the city and cause land pollution. Effects of Land Pollution Soil pollution Soil pollution is another form of land pollution, where the upper layer of the soil is damaged.This is caused by the overuse of chemical fertilizers, soil erosion caused by running water and other pes t control measures this leads to loss of fertile land for agriculture, forest cover, fodder patches for grazing etc. Change in climate patterns The effects of land pollution are very tempestuous and can lead to the loss of ecosystems. When land is polluted, it directly or indirectly affects the climate patterns. Environmental Impact When deforestation is committed, the tree cover is compromised on. This leads to a rivet imbalance in the rain cycle. A disturbed rain cycle affects a lot of factors.To begin with, the green cover is reduced. Trees and plants help balance the atmosphere, without them we are subjected to various concerns like Global warming, the green house effect, irregular rainfall and flash floods among other imbalances. Effect on human health The land when contaminated with toxic chemicals and pesticides lead to problem of skin cancer and human respiratory system. The toxic chemicals can reach our body through foods and vegetables that we eat as they are grown in po lluted soil Cause Air pollution Landfills across the city keep on growing due to increase in waste and are later burned which leads to air pollution.They become home for rodents, mice etc which in turn transmit diseases. Distraction for Tourist The city loses its attraction as tourist destination as landfills do not look good when you move around the city. It leads to loss of revenue for the state government. Effect on wildlife The animal kingdom has suffered mostly in the past decades. They face a serious threat with regards to loss of habitat and natural environment. The constant human activity on land is leaving it polluted forcing these species to move further away and adapt to new regions or die trying to adjust.Several species are pushed to the verge of extinction, due to no homeland. Other issues that we face include increased temperature, unseasonal weather activity, acid rains etc. The discharge of chemicals on land makes it dangerous for the ecosystem too. These chemicals are consumed by the animals and plants and thereby make their way in the ecosystem. This process is called bio magnification and is a serious threat to the ecology.Thermal PollutionIt is caused by addition of hot effluents and hot water bodies. Warm water contains less oxygen. So there is decrease in rate of decomposition of organic matter. Green algae are replaced by less desirable gloomy green algae. Many animals fail to multiply. Trout eggs fail to hatch while salmon does not spawn at high temperature. Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature the change in temperature impacts organisms by (a) decreasing oxygen supply, and (b) affecting ecosystem composition. Urban runoffstorm water discharged to surface wat ers from roads and parking lotscan also be a source of elevated water temperatures. Thermal pollution can also be caused by the passing game of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.This affects fish (particularly their eggs and larvae), macro invertebrates and river productivity. Effects of Thermal Pollution Sudden and periodic increase in temperature producing a thermal effect Changed dissolved oxygen Changes to reproductive powers and increased susceptibility to disease Production of heat shock proteins for thermo tolerance. Changes in migration time and pattern may be affected. Decrease in productivity of the water body.Radioactive pollutionRadioactive pollution is created when radioactive byproducts of a nuclear reaction, either man-made or natural, are dumped in the environment or in the vicinity of human settlements. Nuclear power and research stations are the major contributors to man-made radioactive waste. These facilities bring about a nuclear re action (usually fission) for the purpose of either production of energy (electricity) or research. When a heavy atom of a nuclear fuel, such as uranium, undergoes nuclear fission, it results into two daughter nuclei, both radioactive in their own rights.These byproducts arent reusable and thus have to be dumped. The introduction of these radioactive byproducts causes radioactive pollution. Effects of Radioactive pollution The impact of radioactive pollution on human beings can vary from mild to fatal the magnitude of the adverse effects largely depends on the level and duration of exposure to radioactivity. Low levels of localized exposure may only have a superficial effect and cause mild skin irritation.Effects of long, but low-intensity exposures include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of hair, bruises due to subcutaneous bleeding etc. Long-term exposure or exposure to high amounts of radiation can have far more serious health effects. Radioactive rays can cause irreparable damag e to DNA molecules and can lead to a life-threatening condition. Prolonged exposure leads to a large number of molecules in the body being ionized into free radicals. Free radicals promote the growth of cancerous cells, i.e. tumors, in the body.People with heavy radiation exposure are at a very high risk for cancers. The rapidly growing/dividing cells, like those of the skin, elevate marrow, intestines, and gonads are more sensitive towards radioactive emissions. On the other hand, cells that do not undergo rapid cell division, such as bone cells and nervous cells arent damaged so easily. Skin cancer, lung cancer and thyroid cancer are some of the common types of cancers caused by radiation.RecommendationsAbating pollutions is an exceptionally important concern because of pollutions harmful effects on the health of human and other organisms. Many scientists and researchers have pointed out many ways to reduce pollution but some of our common concerns and practices can help to reduc e pollution. Water & Air pollution Using low phosphate level detergent.Dispose off wastes like tissue papers by putt them in trash bins rather than flushing them down the drain. Plant more trees and use native plants. Do not keep the engine running at signals. This releases toxic chemicals in the air Avoid burning woods, leaves, trash and charcoal during ozone action days. Using public transportation for short local tripsLand pollution The greatest cake to land pollution is in the three Rs Reduce Waste, Re-use things and Recycle things. Buy products that have little packaging.Dont dump motor oil on the ground.Noise pollution Construction of soundproof rooms.Noise producing industries, airports, bus and transport terminals and railway stations to sighted far from where living places Vegetation (trees) along roads and in residential areas is a good way to reduce noise pollution as they absorb sound. Maintaining a sound environment is very important because polluted environment cause s a long range of health problems, threatens the future of humans and hence, the future of our civilization. So we should share the responsibility to keep our environment as practically pollution free as possible and thus reduce health risks.

Management of Information System Essay

Supply strand management is the general, strategic interaction of the business functions within a particular soused and throughout businesses within the supply chain with the aim of improving the long-term performance of individual firm and the supply chain as a whole. The functions of logistics are key operating elements of a firm that need design and management agreeable with corporate strategy and changing competitive scenarios. The functions of purchasing focus on various processes such as take in charge writing, buying, demand planning,budgeting, supplier base and vendor management, and customer relationships. A firm may execute an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in assign to automate its inventory management as well as sales and order process, including the related approval process. The ERP system is an extension of manufacturing resource planning and framework requirements planning (MRP) systems, which link a firms demand side with its supply side by categorizin g demand into requirements for components and parts.The ERP system provides a complete make up ones mind of supply chain functionalities, including the planning and implementation of marketing activities, inventory and shop floor management and the potential of authorizing ordering and receiving to the end-user. It has also the capability of Internet consolidation and enterprise application integration through customized interfaces and XML. Customer relationship management analytics are capable of determining the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, projecting customer trends, identifying unserviceable clients, up-sellopportunities and clients who are likely to defect, measuring the effectiveness of incentive programs to meet overall sales goals, monitoring the performance of the sales staff, distributing resources in terms of customer take and value, analyzing the cost-to-service ratio per client segment, and delivering the more suitable levels of customer service. Reference . Themistocleous, Marinos (2005). Enterprise Resource Planning and Enterprise Application Integration. United Kingdom Emerald Publishing Limited.

Morality Essay Essay

In 1994 Kevin Carter won the Pulitzer Prize for Photography thanks to a photograph that he took in the village of Ayod in Sudan of a boor crawling towards a feeding center. Whether it was morally right for him to have captured that moment instead of helping the babe is a debate with many people. Some people believe that it was right because it helped stymy the famine in Africa, another(prenominal)s believe it was wrong because he did not concern the child after(prenominal) taking the picture.It is understood that there was thousands of refugees walking and crawling towards the food center, so was he suppose to help everyone or just that child? In philosophy class we have been talking closely Morality in Kants point of calculate which is the Categorical Imperative and also about the Morality point of view dishd on Consequentialism. I believe that it was not morally permissible for Kevin Carter to leave the child because of Kants point of view on Morality, and that he should h ave not won the Pulitzer Prize for Photography found on this photo and I will explain why in this essay.According to Kant we should base morality on the Universal Law which means we should universalize our actions. This law is the same as the Golden Rule Treat others the counseling you want to be treated. What Kant established basically was that we should respect all persons morally equal. The Consequentialism point of view on morality on the other hand is that we should base it on the principle of utilitarianism which means that for an action to be moral it must produce The Greatest amount of Good for the Greatest amount of people. counterbalance though I agree with the consquentialism point of view on morality I do not agree with it this time. Why? Because I believe that at all times we should treat others the way we want to be treated and that all humans are equal. This is why when answering our question I based my answer on Kants point of view based on morality. I believe that it was not morally permissible for Kevin Carter to leave the child after he took the picture. First of all I believe that Kevin should have not taken the picture period, he should have right away went to aid the child. alike(p) Kant said we should treat others the way we want to be treated, if Carter was in a position like that he would have not liked to be unexpended there to his own luck. I understand that Carter had a professional obligation where he is unless an observer not a participant, which means he was only there to observe and take pictures of the whole situation. I also understand that he was there illegally and that he did not want to get caught that he had a personal responsibility to help the child.In passage given to us by Professor Jordan it is said that Carter was with a group of photojournalist called the Bang-Bang niner by a Johannesburg magazine. These people precious to make the world aware of all the issues of injustice. There is where I believe that Car ters personal responsibility plays role. Carter wanted the world do be aware of all the issues going around the world and for them to help. They were there because they wanted other countries all around the world to stop the famine, yet he did not help a child when it was in his hands to help that child and just left.Carter here was contradicting his believes to start with. Carter did not only just take the picture but waited several minutes for the caribe to spread his wings so he could get a more melodramatic shot. Carter did not only use the child to get a picture but waited patiently to get a better picture instead of scaring the vulture right away from the child and helping him or her. There were more pictures that could have impacted us, and I am sure that if he looked around he would have found this is why I do not believe he should have taken the picture.I do not believe that he should have won the Pulitzer Prize for Photography based on that photo. I come back that it wa s wrong to win a prize by using other people. Carter used the child and did not even aid the child. Considering that I believe that it was wrong for Carter to have even taken that picture I strongly do not believe that he should have won that prize. Carter could have used any other photograph to get his point crossways yet he decided to use that one and take his sweet time to take it anyways, he used the child and did not help her.I honestly do no believe that he should have one that prize. In Conclusion I believe that Carter should have not used the child to take that picture, and he shouldnt have won the prize. I believe that Carter had the responsibility to help the child because he saw the child suffering and in danger of get attacked by the vulture. Given the fact that he was the only one there he had the responsibility to help the child. We should do unto others what we would like to be done to us. If I was in that childs position I would have liked to be helped like I am su re Carter would have too.I think that if Carter would have helped the child he would have not been depressed and committer suicide because he would have known he did something good by helping the child. alike(p) I said before I am pretty sure he could have chosen another photograph to get his point across to have people help stop the famine. Besides he wanted people to help yet it was in his reach to help this child and he did not? He was going against his own believes in my opinion. I believe that it was morally wrong for Carter to not help the child get to the food blaspheme or at least a safer place, closer to were that child could get the help needed.

Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay

Direct ongoing ( DC ) push back is applied in a giving scope of applications peculiarly in mechanization engineering due to minimum electromotive thread ingestion. In the proposal DC labor plays an effectual function in Hardwargon exe curbion. The chief rule behind the under fetching is to utilize the cascade accommodate to run the DC repel it s one of best feedback restrainers. For gauging the secureness and the armature legitimate of the DC repulse with 24 Vs and a ds celluloid Micro leadler is programmed.The above all carrying out is done in a closed control loop topology mathematical function. confuse of Contentss1.2 Objective2. Specific Aims of the undertakingChapter 11. Introduction1.1 BackgroundBrushed DC labourDC motor metaphysical accountDigital control of District of Columbia motorAdvantages of District of Columbia with regard to rush controlAnalogue control of District of Columbia motor2.1 Dss plastic filmdsPIC30f 30102.2 MPLAB IDE3. innovation and Resea rchCascade controlCurrentloop kineticssSpeed grommet kineticss3.1 Components for commanding 24v brushed Dc motor3.1. limber anatropous carte du jour3.2.1 Generating PWM moving ridge physiques3.1.2 H-Bridge converter3.2 Softwargon techniques used in DC motorPrograming microcontroller in Flexible inverted board4. Consequences and Discussion5. Decision6. App windupixList of Figures approach pattern 1 Operation of BRUSHED DC MotorFIGURE2 General turn away diagram of pep pill cringle and veritable cringle of DC MotorFIGURE3 H-bridge convertor with incompatible electromotive blackjack VI & A VI?Chapter 11. Introduction1.1 ObjectiveThe chief mapping of the undertaking is to command the upper of the DC Motor utilizing a dsPIC30f3010 microcontroller. For that implement a separate computer hardw be to fulfill the chief map of the undertaking.1.2 Specific Aim of the undertakingIn order to accomplish the chief nucleus of the undertaking, concept Hardware for commanding the hu rrying control of DC motor. The chief hardware demands areDs PIC microcontrollerICD interface & A connection for ashes interfaceDC power leaveMOSFETCurrent demodulatorsThe above constituents are required to build a hardware called Flexible Inverted Board 4 .1.3 OUTLINE OF PROJECTStep1In this paper a supple upside-down board is lay downed with the series of hardware constituentsStep2Then pass on the Flexible inverted board with system utilizing MPLAB IDE package with ICD-3 interface 4 .the linguistic communication used in the MPLAB package is C-language.Step3The amphetamine cringle and the circulating(prenominal) cringle are the dickens of im manner maps for commanding the fastness of the Dc motor. In our undertaking the cardinal raze is to command both the cringles by C- program linguistic communication utilizing MPLAB ICD-3.The velocity cringle of the microcontroller is called velocity controller and the modern cringle of the microcontroller is called current accou ntant.Chapter 2THEORITICAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR REVIEWS2 Background2.1 Brushed DC MotorIn automotive industries DC motor is used widely in fuel pump control, electronic maneuvering control, engine control and galvani mouth vehicle control 6 for its cost effectual and it is used in many applications like mush and paper industries, fan pumps, imperativeness, winder motors 2 , localize contraptions, washers, driers and compressors 6 are some of the best illustrations. DC motor is one of the of im appearance hardware employed in this paper, it broods of a rotor coil and stator, and the parts are placed in a lasting magnetic field. Commutator and coppice are placed in between the rotor and stator. Positioning the coppice at a peculiar way in the rotor is classified into some classs and they are radial, trailling or taking 3 places. When the rotor rotates the commutator and C coppice interface at a evince, which produces an tremendous sum of magnetic field from the cop pice of the motor and it produces current to the armature twist of the Dc motor.FIGURE 1 Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor a 2.2 DC Motor theoretical account 8 Each motor go out hold different specification and demands. Harmonizing to motor demands and inside in foundations the theoretical account bay window be knowing. The purpose of motor theoretical account, trades with commanding the applied electromotive tweet of both velocity and current. The staple fiber theoretical account for a Dc Motor is shown be humbleFIGURE2 DC Motor theoretical accountThe above diagram is a simple RL traffic circle. RL circuit is called emulation induction circuitand a 24v DC Motor. all told these constituents combine to organize RL circuit.Now the derivation portion of the RL circuit is explained on a lower floorT ( T ) = Jtungsten is the angulate speedJ is the minute of inactivenessB is the clashT is the armature TorqueT ( T ) = ( T )is the Torque continuousis Armature currentHarmonizing to Ki rchhoff s jurisprudence( T ) ( T ) = ( T ) +and are the induction and opposition for the armature current ( Iowa )The electromotive of the motor can be determined by multiplying the back potential difference with velocityThe relationship for the electromotive powerfulness is shown below( T ) =The province theoretical account for any DC motor utilizing Iowa and tungsten ( velocity ) is reference pointed below.= +2.3 ds PIC -microchipDs PIC stands for Programmable Interface obligeler or programmable intelligent computing machine, which act as an of import controlling unit for unspoiled system. The chief header of this undertaking is to do the Ds PIC to bring forth 6PWM vibrate version. In an ideal status the thrive form from the pulsation width re radicalal can command the H-bridge convertor. It non merely serves as an interface accountants but besides plays a function of a programmable logic accountant ( PLC ) . 16,20 Ds motion picture has a depot of 16 smudge microcont roller that has dickens major maps. Firstly it can move as a package portion functioning package maps and the other is a hardware portion functioning hardware maps.The gossip preindications that are attain from the feedback service system are received by the package portion which in round utilizes the codifications that are written on the fight on C linguistic communication to analyse the input and run the hardware. Finally the package makes certainly the hardware runs based on the package maps to derive the needed end product. 18, 20 Our undertaking concentrated on working experiments that were run at lab conditions. Since a twosome of systems have certain differences from the stimulation that have been run in existent conditions compared to ideal conditions. This in bend is the working of the microcontroller.dsPIC30F 3010, 2010 4011 and 3012 are the series of cut friess that have been available in the Lab. The missive F in ds PIC30F and such bit provinces that the bit co ntains brassy shop. The ground for sing this brassy memory merchandise is because 30F has an ex-ordinary public presentation when compared to EPROM ( Effaceable Programmable Read-Only Memory ) and one cut back programmable french friess ( OTP ) . This has been a major demand for the running of this undertaking to involve the needed end product.16-bit modified Harvard architecture has been added to the CPU incorporating Ds PIC30F for using the information and upgrading the set of usher lines for running digital signal processing ( DSP ) 14 . There is a drawn-out flexible opcode field which has been installed in the CPU that has a 24 spot broad user coder memory earth and the entire turn toing velocity can travel up to 4MA-24 spot. This programming theoretical account has sixteen 16bit working registries in Ds PIC30F bit. There are two categories of debut commanding unit that have been integrated and used for executing they are integrated and used for executing 2 .2.3.1 dsPIC3 0F 3010This subdivision is just about the pegleg constellation and the constituents available in dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller. Normally the memory allotment in dsPIC30F 3010 can classified in to three classs they areSRAM in BytesEEPROM in BytesProgrammable memory in Bytes/instruction2.3.1.1 SRAMSRAM stands for inactive RAM ( Random Access Memory ) . Harmonizing to the tabular matter shown below the informations hold for inactive RAM should non transcend 1024 bytes. The memory in the map can sort in two types they areX Datas RAMY Datas RAMThe inactive RAM uses X -RAM and Y_RAM for stack out-of-door awaying informations.2.3.1.2EEPROMThe memory allotment for EEPROM is same(p) as inactive RAM. In read merely memory one of the of import types of ROM used to hive away memory is EEPROM. The chief map of this ROM is based on two parametric quantities they are endurance and keeping 2 . Endurance is to retain the informations raze after the ROM fails. Therefore the informations ca n t be deleted at any instant. Time period is required to hive away informations that is taken attention by keeping 2 .2.3.1.3Program memoryIn a peculiar plan Ds PIC30f microcontroller has a separate memory allotment for hive awaying both the reference and information. The memory ring for the plan memory is 24K.plan reference infinite anda informations reference infiniteTable 1 tabular matter for memory allotment in Ds PIC30f3010The pin constellation of dsPIC30f3010 is described belowFIGURE 3 Pin constellation of dsPIC30F 3010 2 Pin descriptions( PWM1L and PWM1H ) , ( PWM2L and PWM2H ) & A ( PWM3L and PWM3H ) 2 these are six different types PWM channel used in the pin constellation. In which distributively PWM brace generates three righteousness cycles with one risque end product ( H ) and one low end product ( L ) .INT0, INT1 & A INT2 are the discontinue buffers used in the PIC. VSS and VDD 2 are the try electromotive force and land in the PIC accountant.U1RX & A U 1TX, U1ARX & A U1ATX 2 are the series of pins used for pass oning PIC microcontroller with personal computer, in other system interface operation can be done by UART map. In that RX stands for receiving system and TX stands for sender. The above pin map plays an of import in our undertaking.Chapter 3Methodology3.1 Components for commanding 24v brushed Dc motorSince the undertaking is to the full based on difficult ware so many constituents are available and how they work in that operation.3.1.1Cascade control operation in Dc MotorThe below operation is done by utilizing Double cascaded layout, it consists of two cringles they are current accountant with current mention and velocity accountant with velocity mention 5 as shown in.FIGURE4 General block diagram of velocity cringle and current cringle of DC Motor B The current cringle is c all everywhere by the velocity cringle, in the block diagram it has the two circles home(a) circle is called interior cringle and the outer c ircle is called outer cringle since the interior circle operation is ever quicker than the outer circle. In other words interior circle public presentation is multiple of 10 dance step faster than the staying 1. The cascade control rule is chiefly used in our undertaking to keep the velocity of the motor at a changeless stagecoach and the current cringle in the cascade control is the armature current and it is otherwise called as torsion. Sometimes armature current may transcend the ricochet to avoid this severalize of affairs in cascade control, it has limiter, and the chief map of the clipper is to restrict the care fors of the armature current. For illustration To restrict the armature current to 64volt i.e. 1 ampere. So that the armature wo nt transcend those jump since the clipper is available in cascade control. The velocity accountant in the cascade control used to bring forth demand current ia* . The motor runs to get the better of the demand current determine. The d emand current apprize pull up stakes ever higher than the normal current time values. So that the velocity motor bit by bit increases.PI accountant ( recounting Integral accountant )Current accountantSpeed accountantThe above all constituents construct a cascade accountant and the map each constituent is described below3.1.1.1PI accountant ( relative and built-in accountant )In cascade accountant map assorted accountants are used for sight the velocity and control of the motor, but PI accountant is recommended as high efficient accountant because it consist to constant plus Kip and Kid. By manually tune up the addition of both Kii and Kpi entrust cut down the strong province sneak and the stability of the system will be increased. In recent study more(prenominal) than 70 % cascade accountant used PI accountant for commanding the velocity control DC Motor. In order to cut down the bulletproof province misplay in the closed cringle system, bit by bit increase the relativ e addition changeless Kp. As the addition of the Kp increases the steady province mistake in the system decreases. But the stableness of the system will non be stable. To do the system stable, built-in term Ki is introduced in the system. When both the proportional and built-in term amount each other to cut down the steady province mistake and do the system stable.the above two maps can be done at the same time in the PI accountant. The mathematical look for PI accountant is explained below.FIGURE 5 PI accountant of a closed cringle map 1 Kp-proportional additionKi-Intergral additionY- Output of the PI accountantErr-Error in the PI accountantAt the get downing mistake ( Err ) will go through and through through both Kp and Ki.For relative addition the end product is Kp Erry1= Kp Err eqn1 1 y2 = eqn 2 1 Y = y1 + y2 eqn 3 1 eqn 4 1 The cardinal point in this PI accountant is the mistake Err in intergral addition Ki will be integrated. so that the steady mistake will be reduced an d the system will be stable.3.1.1.2Current accountantThe current accountant in the closed cringle maps of the cascade control. The current cringle is besides called as current accountant. It is used to protect cascade circuit from harm. The chief map of the cascade map is to command the velocity. Before commanding the velocity the current of the accountant should be controlled. The current earned from the closed cringle map is from armature circuit of the DC Motor 7 .the input in the current accountant is the back electric potential ( ia* ) .Power convertor is chiefly used to better the control in the system. It has high exchanging frequence, since the power convertor in the current cringle is in truth speedy. The end product of the convertor is armature electromotive force ( Va ) .( -E ) is the perturbation occurred in the current cringle, in order avoid the perturbation-EIowaia*RL CIRCUITTPower ConverterPiFIGURE 6 Functional block diagram of Current accountantThe perturbation is added along with RL circuit, and the equation is shown belowVa = ( S La + Ra ) ia + eastwardThe map of the RL circuit is cut down complexnessVa is Armature electromotive force.Iowa is armature current ( seeking to command )Ra is Armature oppositionTocopherol is DisturbanceRL = 1/ ( S La + Ra )Current cringle is carried out by conveying the from Iowa ( armature current ) to ia* ( demand armature current ) . As speedy as possible without doing the over read acquiring so high. If the over adopt is high it creates vocation to the convertor. Similarly when the addition values ( Kp and Ki ) increases in PI controller the over shoot value reduces, but the same clip there is more sum of oscillation which may impact the system. Care should be taken in taking both Kp and Ki values.TIowaia**FIGURE 7 represent for armature current V subsiding clipia Armature currentia* Demand armature currentts Settling clip3.1.2 Flexible inverted boardThe major hardware has been designed and implem ented as Flexible inverted board.It consists of many constituents they are dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller, H-bridge convertor and District of Columbia motor. The maps of these hardware constituents are explained earlier. The above all operation is implemented in a individual hard ware called flexible inverted board.FIGURE 8 Functional block diagram of Flexible inverted board3.1.2.1 IR2130 access thrust circuitThere are three input signal generator blocks which are capable of provision two end products each gives the inputs to the six end product drivers. L1, L2 and L3 are signal generators which drive exactly the three low-side end product drivers although H1, H2 and H3 signal generators essential be flat shifted before it is fed to the high-side end product drivers.The drifting points of the driver, gate charge demands of the power switch and the maximal power switch ON times receives power from three bootstrap capacitances C1, C2 and C3. Bootstrap capacitances besides feed supp ly to the internal natation driver current. Once these energy demands are met there mustiness be considerable sum of charge still on the 8.3V nominal to forestall halting. D7, D8 and D9 should be super-fast.VCC degree seen by an under-voltage sensor circuit gives an input to criminalize six end products of the signal generator circuits. Current detector R1 derives the ITRIP signal in the chief power circuit of the motor when it is segregated with a 0.5 V mention to criminalize the six signal generator end products. ITRIP inputs sets up a mistake logic circuit which in bend gives unfastened run TTL end product for system gesture.FIGURE 9 Circuit diagram for IR2130 gate thrust circuit3.1.2.2Trim port map with PWMTrim port are little in size and they are really little in size.it is chiefly used in many PCB building board since it s occupies less infinite.The spare port act like a potentiometer and it is otherwise called as pruner . By tuning the spare port, opposition value can be minimise or maximized. For illustration if a 50ohm opposition can be tuned by spare port from 0 50.The two leg of H-bridge convertor produce two pulse wave form one with low end product ( 1L ) and another 1 with high end product ( 1H ) . The responsibility ratio of the PWM wave signifier can set utilizing spare port.3.1.2.3DC MOTOR ENCLOSED WITH A ENCODERThe best methods of calculateing the velocity of the DC motor is utilizing optical encoder method. It consists of a disc, Light Emitting diode ( direct ) and optical detector 6 . The disc is fitted with the rotor, as the rotor rotates the disc starts whirling along with the rotor and it is placed in between the LED beginning and the light detector. Once the rotary motion starts the disc passes through the LED beginning and the optical detector gets started, from which the velocity of the motor can be calculated because the optical detector Acts of the Apostless like a tachometer. In other words the encoder in the DC motor is otherwise called as velocity observing detectors. 6 3.1.2.4 H-Bridge convertorDC motor runs differential velocity, but the applied electromotive force of the motor varies at every interval of clip. Since the electromotive force is straight relative velocity, as the electromotive force increases the velocity of the motor besides increases. Speed can be calculated by tachometer which is in physique in the DC motors, the applied electromotive force can be supplied and controlled by a convertor called h-bridge convertor.SomanGD Gate Drive CircuitFIGURE 10 H-bridge convertor with different electromotive force VI & A VI? c In this H-bridge circuit it produces two unipolar pulsation breadth conversions because it has two leg inverter. Effective transformation takes topographic point merely in the first half of the inverter. As a consequence two varying electromotive forces are generated on either side of the armature twist.In H-bridge, transition magnate is represented as ( +mi ) a nd the reciprocal of transition index is represent as ( -mi ) .the motor in our undertaking really sing two pulse breadth. Both the pulsations are reciprocally relative to each other bring forthing a unipolar PWM.The two legs in the convertor are called the shift signals or exchanging frequence. Bigger convertor comparatively has lower frequence and smaller convertor has higher frequence. If the frequence in the leg1 is high in stock the frequence in the leg2 will be low.In our undertaking see VI and VI? are the exchanging channels of the H- span convertor. they are reciprocally relative to each other.The bearer signal is called the input frequence. the bearer frequence used in our undertaking is 10khz. Harmonizing to the bearer frequence the clip period of VI and VI? differs.In C coding VI and VI? is mentioned as PDC1and PDC2 from the below graphFIGURE 11 graphic representation of PWM signals in H- Bridge convertor.The end product electromotive force of the h-bridge convertor can be obtained both negative and positive electromotive force distribution 1 . Pulse width transition in the h-bridge convertor helps to command the armature circuit of the DC motor 1 . Maximal armature current ( torsion ) can be obtained by comparability clip invariable of both field twist and the armature weaving 1 . Since the motor is connected straight to the field twists supply electromotive force in the field twist is more when compared with the armature weaving. To keep equal clip invariable in both field and armature weaving 1 , the applied electromotive force in the armature twist should be increased, as the armature current increases the torsion end product is maximized 1 .3.1.3 Generating PWM moving ridge signifiersAs the torsion end product gets maximized, pulse breadth transition is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the perturbation in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequence degree of the H-bridge convertor at a higher scope.As t he torsion end product gets maximized, pulse breadth transition is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the perturbation in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequence degree of the H-bridge convertor at a higher scope.FIGURE 12 Diagrammatic representation of the pulsation breadth transition is shown below 6 The below specification is referred from 6 Ton Time is ON ( applied electromotive force )Toff Time OFF ( applied electromotive force )T Time period.Duty measure = .The mean electromotive force of the DC motor can be shown in an equation belowAverage = Duty cycle A- Vin 6 When the motor is running at a changeless velocity the back voltage of the motor is besides remain changeless.As the back voltage remain the same the motor running at changeless velocity and the armature current ( Ia ) is zero. PWM is one chief portion that is required for the operation of cascade control.4. parcel used to drive the Motors4.1 Programing microcontroller in Flexi ble inverted board utilizing C-languageIn the flexible inverter board PIC microcontroller plays a major place in directive the pulsation breadth transition. The Ton clip in the pulsation breadth transition ( PWM ) signal can be modulated or controlled by the microcontroller, as the microcontroller varies the clip, the speed of the motor alterations with regard to clip. The Programing linguistic communication used in microcontroller is embedded C. The scheduling codifications are downloaded in the microcontroller bit, the downloading attack can be done by a package development tool called MPLAB, this package exists in supervising the systems, this package should be foremost installed in the Personal computer, the coders will compose the codifications to modulate the PI accountant to get Applicable beginning from the current cringle of the cascade control map. Once the codifications are accepted harmonizing to the current cringle 1 , the plans can be downloaded in the microcontroll er through cosmopolitan consecutive coach or in circuit Debugger ( ICD ) ICD is a coach which interfaces Personal computer system and the flexible inverter Board. 6 In order to plan the microcontroller examine whether the hardware constituents are interfaced with the accountant. The scheduling linguistic communication used for programming the accountant is C linguistic communication. In c-language the information s are classified in to input informations and end product informations. The microcontroller direct the information in linear signal, where the C-language wo nt accept linear signals.To avoid the state of affairs ADC convertor and encoder interface are introduced in the system. ADC stands for latitude to digital convertor it converts the linear signal in to digital signals. Then the digital signals get received by the C-program as input informations. In turns c-program will direct the end product informations to the PWM unit. UART communicating system is a bidirectional so that microcontroller and Personal computer can pass on at the same time. UART stands for cosmopolitan asynchronous receiving system sender. The basic diagrammatic representation for system communicating with C-language is shown belowFIGURE 13 System communicating in C Programing Language.In C-language foremost format all the maps required for the velocity control of motor.4.1.1Current detector inputThe current in the motor spiral is one of import parametric quantity in the effectual running of the motor. So it is indispensable to mensurate the value of this current. The measuring of the current is performed by utilizing particular detectors call Hall Effect Sensors. The scope of the current is determined by the evaluation of the motor. Any over current in the motor can severely damage the motor. The Hall Effect detectors produce a electromotive force matching to the stage current. This is fed to the ADC inputs of the micro accountant where it is converted into the digital signa ls. This is so fed into the microcontroller plan. Hence the current demands to be limited within specific limits.CL1, CL2 and CL3 are the three current detectors variables used in this cryptography. The spot ratio of the ADC input is 10 so the input informations scopes from 0 to 1023. The maximal informations squinch for the current detector is 1023.so the current detector value in the C- codification is initiated asCL1 = 511 CL2 = 511 CL3 = 0 4.1.2 Encoder inputFor any velocity accountant, the existent velocity of the rotor forms the footing for the control signals. The velocity control signal can be changed merely if there is an mistake between the existent velocity of the rotor and the covet velocity of the rotor. If the measured velocity is less than the coveted velocity so the PWM pulsations are changing consequently to increase the velocity. To execute this action a balance beam encoder is used. The shaft encoder uses an opto-mechanical system to bring forth pulsations.Th ese pulsations so are used to deduce the velocity of the rotor. A mention pulsation is used as an index to number the pulsation. This information is fed to the microcontroller, which so uses a particular timing circuit that processes these encoder pulsations. The motor velocity to be accessed by the microcontroller needs to be stored in a variable within the micro accountant codification. The variable used in this plan is a variable called revolutions per minute. This variable is accessed to cipher all maps related to the motor velocity.4.1.3 Pulse Width ModulationThe MOSFET s in the circuit is used as switches. These MOSFET s are switched harmonizing to a PWM. To drive these MOSFETs a gate driver circuit is required. The gate thrust signal generates the electromotive force required for the operation of these MOSFET s. The PWM is generated by the microcontroller harmonizing to the plan and is supplied to the gate thrust circuit. The PWM signals are separate for each if the 3 legs o f the MOSFET inverter. Each of the PWM requires a transition index to bring forth the signal. These transition indexes are stored in a registry. The registries are named as PDC1, PDC2, and PDC3. These variables are really important in bring forthing the PWM signals for the MOSFET drivers. Since informations bound is 1023.4.1.4 Initializing the codification in C linguistic communicationBefore executing any map in C-language, it requires an low-level formatting. It is of import to initialising the variable of a map. Some the maps are initialized below.Init PORT ( )This map initialise the digital input and end product port or parallel input and parallel end product of the microcontroller.Init UART ( )It is one of pin in the microcontroller.The chief map of the UART is used for bidirectional communicating with Personal computer. Since UART can able to observe the transmitting velocity in informations transportation between the microcontroller and Personal computer. The maximal transmi ttal velocity is around 19200.the informations transportation wo nt transcend the bound.Init PWM ( )The input frequence of our PWM signal is 10kHz.the clip bound for the transition index is around 0-1474.in the h-bridge convertor has two legs so each leg produces a PWM signal with a maximal clip bound of 0-737. Hence the Ton clip of PWM signal will be in 11 responsibility ratio.Init ADC ( )It is used to change over the parallel signals in to digital signals. In the microcontroller there are five pins reserved for the ADC inputs. During the informations transmittal ADC maps plays a of import function in disrupting the signal. An low-level formatting is required for the interrupt to execute any map in C- linguistic communication.Init CAPTURE ( )The gaining control map is chiefly used to mensurate the frequence and clip period of the PWM wave signifier generated from the two legs J30 and J31 pins of the H-bridge convertorInitTimer3 ( ) and InitTimer1 ( )To put initial clip in the micro controller for the gaining control map and timer 1 set the starting clip for the interrupt map happened in the UART communicating system.InterruptsInterrupts are occurred merely during the informations transportation, when the transmittal velocity that is the baud rate rate is known means the interrupts can be added to the system easily.in our undertaking the baud rate is 19200.the chief map of the interrupt is used synchronize clip period of PWM with the velocity cringle and the current cringle of the motor. In our undertaking tetrad different type of interrupt service modus operandi are used.They are ISR_ADCInterput ( )This interrupt is triggered when the ADC finishes its transition and hence its get synchronized to the microcontroller PWM clip base. From this all the application control codification to be implemented in this interrupts service modus operandi.ISR_T1Interput ( )The assorted information to the Personal computer is transferred by utilizing the UART communicating ne xus in this interrupts service modus operandi. All the variables that are needed to be mentioned in this insouciant utilizing standard C map dash ( ) .ISR_U1RXInterput ( )Assorted information is transferred from the Personal computer in to the C plan. This everyday concedes us to modulate the facets of the plan when it is running.ISR_IC1Interput ( )It measures the velocity value from clocking informations that are attained in the input gaining control faculty.FIGURE 14 The connexion diagram for the velocity control of Dc motor is shown aboveChapter 55 Consequences and treatmentAs discussed earlier the assorted maps of hardware constituents in this undertaking, this subdivision discusses the inside informations sing how the undertaking deals with comparing and measuring the consequences. Undertaking has a series of stairss each measure is assigned with different operation techniques to put to death the concluding consequences.5.1 Initial connexion tribulation between MPLAB IDE and Flexible inverted BoardInitially the system needs to be interfaced utilizing the flexible inverter board. This operation is performed by linking the Personal computer to the flexible upside-down board. To link the Personal computer to the flexible upside-down board, ICD 3 interface port is used to finish the connexion. Since the informations transmittal velocity in ICD 3 is high when compared with ICD 2, the power supply to the inverted board is supplied through the Dc power supply generator. The Initial conditions were set to the power supply generator where the electromotive force bound and current bound is zero. For the Dc motor maximal electromotive force supply is 24voltage in VDC and a current of 0.5 ampere is set in the power supply generator which is so connected to the inverter board. Once the initial conditions are set, the power generator is fitted with a path button which needs to be held and at the same time the end product button needs to be pressed. Once the end prod uct button is turned ON, the power is applied to the inverted board. On the other manus MPLAB IDE package is opened in the system, where a cutting file demands to be created so the needed compiler for this undertaking needs to be selected. Once these scenes are done the debugger option in the MPLAB ICD 3 is chosen, the package will initialise the tool and a verification message was displayed on the hiding which says ICD 3 is connected . The codifications for this were designed in the MPLAB package and burnt in the Ds PIC microcontroller by ICD 3 interface.5.2 saloon 3, 4 & A 5One of the ADC input pin in the PIC microcontroller demands to be initialize as ADCBUF0. The maximal input scope of ADC interrupt is 1023 since ADC input is initialized as IN1.When IN1 is initialized as ADCBUF0 in C-language it can be written asIN1 = ADCBUF0 PDC1 = IN1 IFS0bits.ADIF = 0 Here IN1 is the informations value for the spare port in the flexible upside-down board. The maximal IN1 value is 1023. As mentioned earlier PDC1 is initialized as one leg portion H-bridge convertor, where PDC1 is 1474 and a unipolar pulsation breadth transition was generated. If IFS0bits.ADIF is zero, it means that the chief used to initialise ADIF value is 0 in other words it is the default value.PDC1 = 2*IN1 Similarly in measure 4 multiply the spare port input value with 2. Then the PDC1 input scope will transcend so if statements are used to restrict the value of PDC1 from 0 to 1474.To restrict the values of PDC1 the codification in C-language can be implemented as PDC1 = 2*IN1 If ( PDC1 & gt 1474 )PDC1= 1474 5.3 Step6 & A 7The flexible upside-down board consists of a gate triggered circuit in other words they are known as MOSFETS. Wholly 6 MOSFETS are available in the flexible upside-down board. In our undertaking two MOSFET are used and both of them are connected to the legs of the H-bridge convertor. The MOSFETS that are connected to H-bridge convertor are U10 and U13 & As U11 and U14 . To supervise and look into if the MOSFETS are triping the pulsation or non it can be done by analyzing the trial points available in the flexible upside-down board. This is done utilizing the CRO where the trial points are connected via investigations as a consequence triping pulsation is produced. The diagrammatic representation of Square wave signifier is shown below.FIGURE 15The above diagram represents the general pulsation wave formDepending on the transition index value produced by the ADC input the responsibility ratio of the pulse fit transition varies consequently. In other words the transition index is straight relative to the responsibility ratio. victimization appropriate C plan the ensuing wave form from the three different responsibility ratios was discovered to be in the square form. When the CRO is connected to the trial point J30, three different per centums were obtained due to the different responsibility musical measures. The C codifications that were used to obtain the wave forms are mentioned belowC codification for 50 % responsibility pulsationPDC1 = MI + 737 PDC2 = MI 737 Manual computation for 50 % responsibility heartbeatSince PDC1 = 1474If PDC1/2 = 1474/2 = 737.Resulting wave form for 50 % responsibility rhythm is shown belowFIGURE 16 moving ridge from for 50 % responsibility rhythmC codification for 25 % dutycyclePDC1 = MI + 1105.5 PDC2 = MI 1105.5 Manual computation for 25 % dutycycle( PDC1 and PDC2 ) value for 50 % responsibility rhythm is 737( PDC1 and PDC2 ) value for 75 % responsibility rhythm is 368.5For 25 % responsibility rhythm add both 737 + 368.5 = 1105.5Resulting wave form for 25 % dutycycleFIGURE 17 moving ridge signifier for 25 % responsibility rhythmCode for 75 % dutycyclePDC1 = MI + 368.5 PDC2 = MI 368.5 Manual computation for 75 % responsibility rhythmFor PDC1 and PDC2 is 737Divide PDC1 and PDC2 by 2The effect for for PDC1 and PDC2 is 368.5.Resulting wave signifier for 75 % dutycycleFIGURE 18 moving ridge s ignifier for 75 % responsibility rhythm5.4 meter 7The last operation is based on linking the CRO with the trial point J30 in the flexible upside-down board, likewise the same operation is performed in another trial point J31. The triggered pulsation obtained from the MOSFETS is shown below for the different responsibility rhythm ratio as already mentioned in measure 6.Resulting wave form for 25 % responsibility rhythmFIGURE 19 Resulting wave signifier for 25 % responsibility rhythm in trial point J31Resulting wave signifier for 50 % responsibility rhythm is shown belowFIGURE 19 Resulting wave signifier for 50 % responsibility rhythm in trial point J31FIGURE 20 Resulting wave signifier for 75 % responsibility rhythmFrom above three wave signifiers each differs in their responsibility ratio. Then compare the wave form of J30 & A J31. The different is happened because of hold or mistake occurred during the informations transmittal.5.5 Measure 10In the initial status of the spare port is set as nothing. Then the responsibility rhythm of the PWM 1 is high and PWM 2 will be low.In other words PWM1 is reciprocally relative to PWM2. Similarly in the ulterior status when the spare port is turning toward the higher terminal. Now the responsibility rhythm of PWM 2 is found to be more than 95 % . The end product of the PWM is determined from the CRO. Since the value of PDC1 and PDC2 will be 1474.due to 11 responsibility ratio. The input informations values are every bit shared by both PDC1 and PDC2. In some conditions when the PDC1 = 2*IN1.the value of IN1 is 1023, and so value of PDC1 is 2046. As per the conditions mentioned earlier the value should non transcend the input informations bound 1474. Such state of affairs are handled with aid of if statements. Using if statement how the status is satisfied in C cryptographyPDC1 = 737+MI PDC2=737-MI If ( PDC1 & gt 1474 )PDC1 = 1474 If ( PDC2 & gt 1474 )PDC2=1474 This codification C2=1474-PDC1 makes the motor to revolve a t rearward way.When the above codification is compiled and kill the electric resistance value increased or decreased by manually tuning the spare port in the flexible upside-down board. Harmonizing to the opposition value in the microcontroller the amplitude and the current flow can be controlled.5.6 Measure 11Ripple current and RL LoadNow connect the RL force with the connection of the flexible upside-down board to cipher the ripple current. In the connection of the flexible inverted board has two points. They are sing as point A and point B. Ripple current can be calculated by a device called current investigation. First connect the current investigation to the point A of the connection and view the mean value of the ripple current in the CRO. The wave form for the mean ripple current value for point A is shown below.FIGURE 21 moving ridge signifier for responsibility cycle1 with 1H and duty rhythm 2 1L ( indicate A )1H risque End product1L Low End productIn this wave form th e conditions are wholly reversed when compared with the above wave form.The responsibility rhythm 1 with 1L and duty rhythm 2 with 1H ( indicate A )FIGURE 22 moving ridge signifier for responsibility cycle1 with 2L and duty rhythm 2 1H ( indicate A )Once the rippling currents are calculated in point A. the similar operation is performed by the current investigation in point B. the wave forms are shown belowFIGURE 23 wave form for responsibility cycle1 with 1H and responsibility cycle2 with 1L ( point B )FIGURE 24 wave form for responsibility cycle1 with 2L and responsibility cycle2 with 2H ( point B )5.7 Measure 12This measure deals with ciphering the beginning and derive value of ripple current through current investigation as discussed earlier. These values are chiefly used for trying the input informations s from the microcontroller.In order to cipher the beginning and addition value the values need to be identified as shown in the tabular matter below they are ADC electromotive force, current detector, PDC1 and PDC2. Initially the interface needs to be reloaded with the flexible upside-down board. The PDC1 and PDC2 value can be determined by the ticker option in MPLAB IDE package. The current detector in the flexible inverted board has a trial point J43. Then the current detector value was measured by multi metre through the trial point. For this a 24 electromotive force Dc motor the maximal current detector value gettable will be 2.57voltage. Initially set the spare port value to zero, so look into the current detector value by a multi metre where it showed 2.57. By increasing the electric resistance of the spare port the current detector and ADC electromotive force will be bit by bit decreased nevertheless at one phase the ADC electromotive force bit by bit decreases to zero. Later the ADC electromotive force value increased easy but the current detector invariably decreased as shown in the tabular matter. These values were enter in the tabular matter. Subtracted ADC electromotive force value from PDC1 value and the mean value consequence was recorded in the new column. Then the mean value for the new column is calculated.Table 2 Tabular column for ciphering beginning and addition valuesADC electromotive forceCurrent detectorPDC1PDC2PDC2 ADC electromotive forceSpot27.512.56941143313.494.4603925.432.5591431331117.5721.792.5442831191261.2120.512.5274441030423.4917.792.517546928528.210.00072.497757717756.99933.722.478960514956.284.072.46211233511118.9318.42.431431431412.65588.7793620.9754778Manual computation for the above tabular matter is shown belowOffset spot = ( PDC1 ADC electromotive force ) / entire figure values( PDC1- ADC electromotive force ) = 13.49 + 117.57 + 261.21 + 528.21 + 756.9993 + 956.28 + 1118.93 + 1412.6 = 5588.7793PDC1-ADC electromotive force = 5588.7793 full(a) figure of values = 9Average ( PDC1 ADC electromotive force ) = 5588.7793/9 = + 620.9754778.Calculate the entire ADC electromotive forceEntire ADC ele ctromotive force =27.51 + 25.43 + 21.79 + 20.51 + 17.79 + 0.0007 + 3.72 + 4.07 + 18.4 = 132.5Offset spot = + 620.9754778./ 132.5 = 4.4602 spot5.8 Measure 13In this subdivision connect 24 volt Dc motor to the flexible upside-down board. When the power supply is turned ON the motor rotates at a peculiar velocity and this velocity of the motor rotates harmonizing to the responsibility ratio produced by the H-bridge convertor. Initially test all the conditions to verify the on the job status of the motor. The motor used here is fitted with an encoder that is attached together. Since the flexible inverted board has an encoder sensor the encoder portion of the motor was connected to the encoder sensor, therefore the motor satisfies the conditions mentioned above.5.9 Measure 14In this measure, J14 pin of the flexible upside-down board is interfaced together with the system through a overseas telegram. Using Lab position package s the Tacho scope, rpm can be determined.PDC1, PDC2 and their corresponding responsibility rhythm per centum are viewed.Like this similar operationTable 3 Tabular column for ciphering electromotive force Vs velocityTachoVdcRevolutions per minutePDC1PDC2Duty 1 %Duty 2 %1-18.11776150132489.211.22-14.51416270120481.119.93-10.711047388108773.327.14-7.4672748299266.535.55-3.42334596878584260957147605049.671.6916582664845.654.485.553894153238.262.299.33919104942329.870.11012.91265115532022.372.91116.11578125621915.585.51219.61919137497992RPM = KTo cipher the value of the KK = Vdc12 Vdc1/RPM12 RPM1K = 19.6-18.1/1919 1776K = 0.0104As per the demands from the tabular matter secret plan the graph for Vdc ( electromotive force ) V RPMThe graph representation is shown belowFIGURE 25 Voltage Vs Speed5.10 Measure 155.10.1Current cringleOnce the mean value of the ripple current and the beginning values are calculated, to command the velocity of the motor, foremost the applied electromotive force of the motor should be controlled. Interestingly the applie d electromotive force can be determined from the current cringle of the relative and underlying accountant in other words as PI accountant. Since the operation of PI accountant is explained before itself. In the PI accountant current plays the interior cringle, and it is 10 times faster than the outer cringle. So the interior cringle is executed foremost. A measure input given to the PI accountant. The consequence anticipate from the end product of the PI accountant as a measure end product with extremum over shoot.This extremum over shoot increases the steady province mistake besides increases. In bends steady province mistake produces a electromotive force bead in the motor. So the velocity of the motor bit by bit decreases. This state of affairs can be overcome by seting the addition of both relative and built-in. The maximal extremum over shoot degree is 7.5 % . If the degree exceeds, the end product of the current cringle is non in a stable status. If the system is non stable , it is hard to command the velocity of the motor. the graphical representation of the pass judgment current cringle is shown below.FIGURE 26 measure response end product for current cringleIn the above measure response the ia* and Iowa are the demand current and the armature current.Since the current detector value 1023.Two current detectors are used.They CL1 and CL2The armature current Iowa = 511Demand current ia* = 511Tocopherol is the mistakeE = demand current armature currentE = ia* IowaE = 511 511 = 0 Harmonizing to the computation shown above.The codification is compiled in C-language for the current cringle.In the cryptographyFirst get the addition values of the PI accountant as kpi and kii.int kpi, kii kpi=10 kii=0 Then initialise the mistake, armature current and demand current as i_error, Iowa and ia_demandint Iowa, ia_demand, i_error Iowa = CL1 ( initialise current detector 1 as armature current of the motor )CL1 = 511 ( initialise the value of current detector 1 as 511 )ia_demand = 511 ( demand armature current )i_error = ia_demand CL1 ( Error in the armature current can be determined by deducting the armature currenr ( Iowa ) from the demand armature current ( ia* ) . The expect mistake should be zero. when the above codification is executed in MPLAB package. In the get downing the mistake is non zero. Some clip the current detector value differs. As per the codification the expected CL1 value should 511.In this status, a new set of codification is implemented. In this codification, if statements are used for the CL1 value. Then the current detector value will be within the scope.if ( 510 & lt CL1 & A & A CL1 & lt 517 ) the value CL1 ranges from ( 511 to 517 )The manual tuning of kpi and kii alterations CL1 from 511 to some other value.As a consequence mistake occurs in the extremum over shoot.For illustration if CL1 is 514, which is displayed on the ticker of MPLABSince the expected CL1 is 511 but CL1 is 514The mistake difference b etween the expected and the present value is 3.The avoid the mistake difference in CL1 a simple codification is designed belowCL1 = CL1 -3 ( if CL1 is 514, 514 3 is 511 ) .The mistake is zero but the extremum over shoot is still high. This is due built-in air current up map because the built-in added with kii in PI accountant. To avoid this mistake separate codification is executed in C cryptography.The variable zi is initialized as built-in collector and its value is 737.if ( zi & gt 737 )zi=737 if ( zi & lt -737 )zi=-737 the above codification keeps the zi value within the scope.Since i_error = 511zi = 737 + 511zi = zi+i_error ( anti air current up codification added with an mistake )In order to avoid the built-in mistake multiply built-in collector with built-in addition ( kii ) .kii * zi ( eqn 1 )Multiply the mistake with the addition of proportional.kpi * i_error ( eqn 2 )add both the eqn to acquire the concentrated transition index. This map will cut down the steady provi nce mistake and extremum over shoot.myocardial infarction = ( kpi*i_error ) + ( kii*zi ) From this codification the expected extremum over shoot is obtained with zero steady province mistake.The expected current cringle moving ridge signifier implemented from the codification is shown belowIn this moving ridge signifier over shoot is high.To cut down the over shoot and stead province mistake manually tune the kpi and kii value.Manual tuning is like a loop method to acquire a peculiar solution after many comparings take topographic point between kpi and kii values. The expected end product is non yet determined. So the expected end product is still under procedure.Mention 1 D.J.Atkinson, Control of Electric thrusts, EEE 8014 talk notes, School of electrical, electronic and Computer technology, Newcastle University,2011. c 2 R.Roberge, carbon copy coppice public presentation and application in the mush and paper environment , National Electrical Carbon Products, 2001. 6 E.A. CHOON, DCmotor velocity control utilizing microcontroller pic16f877a , 2005, pp. 1-64. 3 K.Hameyer, R.J.M.Belmans, Permanent magnet excited brushed DC motors Dept. of Electrical. Engineering. Katholieke University, Vol. 43, 1996, pp. 247-255 a CONDIT, R. 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