History Of Philippine Cinema Analysis Essay Example For Students

History Of Philippine Cinema Analysis Essay The youngest of the Philippine arts, film has evolved to become the most popular of all the art forms. Introduced only in 1897, films have ranged from silent movies to talkies; black and white to color. Outpacing its predecessors by gaining public acceptance, from one end of the country to the other, its viewers come from all walks of life. Nationwide, there are more than 1000 movie theaters. Early in the 1980s, it was estimated in Metro Manila alone, there were around 2. 5 million moviegoers. As an art form, it reflects the culture and the beliefs of the people it caters to and most times, is the one who shapes their consciousness. Philippine film as discussed in this paper includes films made by Filipino people exhibited in this country and possibly in other countries from the 1930s to the 1990s. The films may be silent pictures or talkies, black and white or color. They also include films such as documentaries, animation, experimental or alternative films and other types of films. This paper has three purposes or objectives. It intends, first of all, to provide a comprehensible background of the art of film in the Philippines. It provides insights on how the Philippine film has influenced Philippine culture and vice-versa. This is done by documenting the important events and important films in the area of film for the past ninety years. Second, it intends to explain the different trends and styles common in the Philippine film. And finally, it concludes with an analysis on how two important events in history, namely World War II and Martial Law altered the course of contemporary Philippine film. However, this paper is limited to films only from the particular time period of the 1930s to the 1990s. It fails to give a picture of how films were like ever since it started in 1897. This paper is also severely limited due to the unavailability and the lack of materials that discuss thoroughly the history of Philippine film. Film materials for those made during the pre-WWII years are simply non-existent. Data for this paper was gathered from the essays and reviews written by the artists and the critics themselves. It goes without saying that the resources were tested to the limits. CHAPTER 1 I. The 1930s to 1940s A. Early Philippine Films Filipinos started making movies in 1919. However, it would be important to know that the film industry in the Philippines began through the initiative of foreign entrepreneurs. Two Swiss entrepreneurs introduced film shows in Manila as early as 1897, regaling audiences with documentary films lips showing recent events and natural calamities in Europe. Not only that but the arrival of the silent films, along with American colonialism, in 1903 created a movie market. But these film clips were still novelties. They failed to hold the audiences attention because of their novelty and the fact that they were about foreigners. When two American entrepreneurs made a film in 1912 about Jose Rizals execution, the sensation they made it clear that the Filipinos need for material close to their hearts. This heralded the making of the first Filipino film. The credit of being the first Filipino to make a film goes to Jose Nepumuceno, whom historians dub as the Father of Philippine Movies. Nepumucenos first film was based on a highly-acclaimed musical play of that day, Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) by Hemogenes Ilagan and Leon Ignacio. In those early years of filmmaking, enormous capital was needed to keep up with the Hollywood industry. Despite its weak points, Hollywood provided the Philippine film industry with examples that the early filmmakers followed. It is not surprising that many of those same genres set so many years ago still appear in contemporary Philippine films. But it was difficult to match Hollywood style in those days with the meager capital set aside for the developing film industry. Ironically, the same people who helped the film industry develop as a form of expression were the same ones who suppressed this expression. Early film producers included wealthy Spaniards, American businessmen and Filipino landlords and politicians. It is not surprising thatpre-war Philippine movieswere inhibited from expressing their views that might question the establishment and were encouraged instead to portray the love and reconciliation between members of different classes Starting with Dalagang Bukid, early films dug into traditional theater forms for character types , twists and turns in the plot, familiar themes and conventions in acting. This set the trend of Philippine films based entirely on immensely popular dramas or sarswelas . Besides providing ready materials, this device of using theater pieces ensured an already existing market. From the komedya of the sarswela, the typical Filipino aksyon movie was to develop. The line dividing the good and the bad in the komedya was religion with the Christians being the good and the Moors representing the bad. In present movies, the line that divides the two is now law or class division. The sinakulo or the passion play was the root of the conventional Filipino melodrama. The Virgin Mary became the all-suffering, all-forgiving Filipino Mother and Jesus was the savior of societies under threat and the redeemer of all those who have gone wrong. Another source of movie themes was Philippine literature. Francisco Baltazar and Jose Rizal, through the classics for which they were famous, have given the industry situations and character types that continue to this day to give meat to films both great and mediocre. Finally, by the 1930s, a few film artists and producers dared to stray from the guidelines and commented on sociopolitical issues, using contemporary or historical matter. Director, actor, writer and producer Julian Manansalas film Patria Amore (Beloved Country) was almost suppressed because of its anti-Spanish sentiments. This earned him the honor of being dubbed the Father of the Nationalistic Film. Its own share of movie audience and acclaim for local movie stars were signs that the movie industry from 1919 to the 1930s had succeeded. Despite the competition coming from Hollywood, the film industry thrived and flourished. When the 1930s came to a close, it was clear that moviegoing had established itself in the Filipino. B. Wartime Films and the Effect on Philippine Films The Japanese Occupation introduced a new player to the film industry the Japanese; and a new role for film propaganda : The Pacific War brought havoc to the industry in 1941. The Japanese invasion put a halt to film activity when the invaders commandeered precious film equipment for their own propaganda needs. The Japanese brought their own films to show to Filipino audiences. The films the Japanese brought failed to appeal to audiences the same way the Hollywood-made movies or the locally-made films did. Later on, Japanese propaganda offices hired several local filmmakers to make propaganda pictures for them. One of these filmmakers was Gerardo de Leon. The war years during the first half of the Forties virtually halted filmmaking activities save for propaganda work that extolled Filipino-Japanese friendship, such as The Dawn of Freedom made by director Abe Yutaka and associate director Gerardo de LeonLess propagandistic was Tatlong Maria (Three Marias), directed in 1944, by Gerardo de Leon and written for the screen by Tsutomu Sawamura from Jose Esperanza Cruzs novelDespite the destruction and hardships of the war, the peoplefound time for entertainment; and when movies were not being made or importedthey turned to live theaterwhich provided alternative jobs for displaced movie folk. The war years may have been the darkest in film history This period turned out to be quite beneficial to the theater industry. Live theater began to flourish again as movie stars, directors and technicians returned to the stage. Many found it as a way to keep them from being forgotten and at the same time a way to earn a living. In 1945the film industry was already staggering to its feet. The entire nation had gone through hell and there were many stories to tell about heroic deeds and dastardly crimes during the 3 years of Japanese occupation. A Philippine version of the war movie had emerged as a genre in which were recreated narratives of horror and heroism with soldiers and guerillas as protagonistsaudiences still hungry for new movies and still fired up by the patriotism and hatred for foreign enemies did not seem to tire of recalling their experiences of war. Movies such as Garrison 13 (1946), Dugo ng Bayan (The Countrys Blood, 1946), Walang Kamatayan (Deathless, 1946), and Guerilyera (1946) , told the people the stories they wanted to hear: the heroes and the villains of the war. The war, however, had left other traces that were less obvious than war movies that were distinctly Filipino. As Patronilo BN. Daroy said in his essay Main Currents in Filipino Cinema: World War II left its scars on the Filipinos imagination and heightened his sense of reality CHAPTER II II. The 1950s to 1970s A. The Golden Age of Philippine Films The 1950s were considered a time of rebuilding and growth. But remnants from the preceding decade of the 40s remained in the form of war-induced reality. This is seen is Lamberto Avellanas Anak Dalita (The Ruins, 1956), the stark tragedy of post-WWII survival set in Intramuros. Tensions in Colonial Society EssayMartial Law declared in 1972 clamped down on bomba films as well as political movies critical of the Marcos administration. But the audiences taste for sex and nudity had already been whetted. Producers cashed in on the new type of bomba, which showed female stars swimming in their underwear, taking a bath in their camison (chemise), or being chased and raped in a river, sea, or under a waterfall. Such movies were called the wet look One such movie was the talked-about Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa (The Most Beautiful Animal on the Face of the Earth, 1974) starring former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz. However, the less-than-encouraging environment of the 70s gave way to the ascendancy of young directors who entered the industry in the late years of the previous decade Directors such as Lino Brocka, best remembered for his Maynila, Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Manila, In the Claws of Neon Lights, 1975), Ishmael Bernal, director of the Nora Aunor film Himala (Miracle, 1982) and Celso Ad. Castillo, whose daring works portrayed revolt, labor unionism, social ostracism and class division, produced works that left no doubt about their talent in weaving a tale behind the camera. Another welcomed result that came from martial rule was the requirement of a script prior to filming. This was an innovation to a film industry that made a tradition out of improvising a screenplay. Although compliance with the requirement necessarily meant curtailment of the right of free expression, the BCMP, in effect caused the film industry to pay attention to the content of a projected film production in so far as such is printed in a finished screenplay. In doing so, talents in literature found their way into filmmaking and continue to do so now. CHAPTER III II. The 1980s to the present A. Philippine Films after Marcos It can be justified that immediately after Marcos escaped to Hawaii, films portraying the Philippine setting have had a serious bias against the former dictator. And even while he was in power, the militancy of filmmakers opposing the Martial Law government especially after the assassination of Ninoy Aquino in 1983, accounts for the defiant stance of a number of films made in the closing years of the Marcos rule. Films such as Lino Brockas Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knifes Edge, 1985) were defiant, not in the sense of it being openly stated by in the images of torture, incarceration, struggle and oppression. Marilou Diaz-Abayas Karnal (1984) depicts this in a different way in the films plot wherein patricide ends a tyrannical fathers domination. Mike de Leons Sister Stella L. (1984), was a typical de Leon treatment of the theme of oppression and tyranny. In 1977, an unknown Filipino filmmaker going by the name of Kidlat Tahimik made a film called Mababangong Bangungot (Perfumed Nightmare). The film won the International Critics Prize in the Berlin Film Festival that same year. Kidlat Tahimiks rise to fame defined the distance between mainstream cinema and what is now known as independent cinema. Beginning with Tahimik, independent cinema and films became an accomplished part of Philippine film. Out of short film festivals sponsored by the University of the Philippines Film Center and by the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, young filmmakers have joined Kidlat Tahimik in the production of movies that, by their refusal to kowtow to the traditions and conventions of mainstream filmmaking, signify faith in works that try to probe deeper into the human being and into society. Nick Deocampos Oliver (1983) and Raymond Reds Ang Magpakailanman (The Eternal, 1983) have received attention in festivals abroad. Filmmakers like Tahimik, Deocampo and Red are examples of what we call alternative filmmakers. Alternative or independent filmmakers are products of film schools where students are exposed to art films without the compromises of commercial filmmaking. B. Contemporary Philippine Film Despite our completion of 100 years of cinema in the Philippines, the same problems plague us now just as it had when film was still a relatively new art form. The phrase poorly made is fitting to describe the quality of films being churned out by the film industry year by year. There have been few exceptions to the rule. Presently, films are primarily made for profit, lacking any qualities to redeem itself. Studies show that Hollywood films, with its high technology and subject matter, are being preferred over local films. It is no wonder for films now are too profit-oriented corrupting morals anddubious valuessticking with formulaic films Genres that have been present for the past few decades are being recycled over and over again with the same stories. The teen love teams of the fan movie are still present with incarnations of love teams of yesteryears. Now instead of Guy and Pip are Judy and Wowie. The bomba film is still present, now having grown more pornographic and taboo. The film Tatlo (1998) comes to mind with its subject matter of threesomes. In Filipino slapstick or komedya, Dolphy has been replaced by younger stars. But even if the films of today have not been quite up to par, Filipino movieswields an influence over the national imagination far more intense that all the others combined. C. Conclusion The early years of Philippine film, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovering film as it was at that time still a new art form. Stories for films came from the theater and popular literature being, as they were, safe, with the filmmaker being assured of its appeal. Nationalistic films were also in vogue despite early restrictions on films being too subversive. The 1940s and the war brought to Philippine film the consciousness of reality which was not present in the preceding films. Filmmakers dared to venture into the genre of the war movie. This was also a ready market especially after the war. The 1950s were the Golden Years, a time when films matured and became more artistic. The studio system, though producing film after film and venturing into every known genre, made the film industry into a monopoly that prevented the development of independent cinema. The 1960s, though a time of positive changes, brought about an artistic decline in films. The notorious genre of bomba was introduced and from that day forward has been present in the Philippine film scene ever since. The 1970s and 1980s were turbulent years, bringing positive and negative changes. From the decline in the 60s, films in this period now dealt with more serious topics following the chaos of the Marcos regime. Also, action and sex films developed further introducing more explicit pictures. These years also brought the arrival of alternative cinema in the Philippines. Presently, in the 1990s, we are seemingly engaged in a vicious cycle of genres, plots, characterization and cinematic styles. We are unconsciously, or rather consciously, imitating, copying from the much more popular American films. And when we are not copying, we are reverting back to the same old styles. From the massacre movies of late, the teen-oriented romantic-comedies and the anatomy-baring sex flicks which are currently so popular, it seems Philippine cinema is on a down spiral. Still, some films been successes and not only financially. Diaz-Abayas Rizal (1998), as an example, was a success both commercially and critically. Hopefully, Philippine cinema in the new millenium would produce films as good and better than the ones before it. As a conclusion, here is what Patronilo BN. Daroy had to say about the Philippine film industry: Philippine cinema, in short, appears to have reached full circle: it is at the stage of refining and formulating its own conventions and, in the process, getting in close contact with the ferment in the other arts and at the same time, the serious critical attention and concern of people with a broader interest in culture. This is inevitable; as an art form the cinema in the Philippines can no longer remain isolated from the main current of sensibilities and ideas that shape other artistic forms, such as literature, painting, the theater, etc. Neither can it fly from the actuality of social life which, after all, is the source of all artistic expression. I foresee, therefore, a hand towards more serious cinema; the muckrakers will continue, but they will be exposed for what they are and will no longer be definitive of the quality of Filipino films.

My descriptive essay on the festival coney island free essay sample

My descriptive essay on the festival Coney island ay Kananga As a young girl growing up in the Virgin Islands, I have always been quite ecstatic by the Coney Island ride. All the trill and excitement starts from home as I am dressing and Just thinking about all the many rides I am going to test out. When I am near to the rides I watch in amazement as it is being operated. It intrigues me the way people wait eagerly in the long lines some pushing, some shouting for the lines to move and some are Just screaming in excitement. It is amazing how these rides are shaped or how high or fast they go.It wows my mind that sometimes in the past omen innovative thinking was so great that they were able to create such terrifying machines that would cause people to enjoy themselves so much. For me, It is that thrill and rush of adrenaline that courses through me while I am in one of those rides that keeps me coming back every year to the festival village Just to enjoy the Coney island. We will write a custom essay sample on My descriptive essay on the festival coney island or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In my many experience I have had the pleasure of riding the go carts, the roundup, the hammer and lastly the Ferris wheel which is the most terrifying one of all.The look of that big monstrous looming wheels spinning round and round. It was huge and noisy. Even the sound of its engine brings to mind a film from the horror movies. The screams of the could be heard from the very tip. They hold on for their life and when it reaches to the ground you can see scared look on their faces. They cant wait for the ride to come to an end. My first ride on the Ferris Nell gave me an Instant rush of adrenaline. I felt the hairs on my body raised, as the death defying ride begins.I could feel the bile rising deep within me reaching to my throat, I feel an instant need to puke, when the ride begins, I hold on to the handle as it gain speed, I feel so numb like I am In an out of body experience then I mind my voice and scream out, my eye fills with water and I can only hope It come to an end soon. Over and over It rotates, It does a dramatic pause to the top and when It begins to descend I feel a little bit of confidence but as It climb back up again I am Heat again back to my scared ways, the assault on my stomach begins all over again. Just when I feel my body cant take It anymore, It continues to rotate, I begin to think happy thought and each time It reaches near as If Its about to touch the ground I gain some confidence and then It Is time for the ride to end. No more screaming and o more adrenaline rush coursing through my body. I swing the open and hopped out , my legs quite wobble, I look back to see the lines getting longer and more people lust waiting for their turn to experience the thrill. I looked back at this monstrosity and knew I was hooked. My fascination for the Ferris wheel had Just begin.Every gear around carnival time the trip to the village Just to ride the Ferris wheel never gets tiring. As I get older and older, but the thrill of rolling the Ferris wheel still remain the same, I still feel scared, I still scream as It rotates , the adrenaline still course wrought me as I ride this death defying machine. ay Savannas terrifying machines that would cause people to enjoy themselves so much. For me, it IS that thrill and rush of adrenaline that courses through me while I am in one of Nell gave me an instant rush of adrenaline.I felt the hairs on my body raised, as handle as it gain speed, I feel so numb like I am in an out of body experience then I find my voice and scream out, my eye fills with water and I can only hope it come to an end soon. Over and over it rotates, it does a dramatic pause to the top and when it egging to descend I feel a little bit of confidence but as it climb back up again I am lust when I feel my body cant take it anymore, it continues to rotate, I begin to think happy thought and each time it reaches near as if its about to touch the ground I gain some confidence and then it is time for the ride to end.No more screaming and [ear around carnival time the trip to the village Just to ride the Ferris wheel never gets tiring. As I get older and older, but the thrill of riding the Ferris wheel still remain the same, I still feel scared, I still scream as it rotates , the adrenaline still course

Where to Place the Possessive Apostrophe in a Surname

Where to Place the Possessive Apostrophe in a Surname Where to Place the Possessive Apostrophe in a Surname Where to Place the Possessive Apostrophe in a Surname By Mark Nichol You see them all the time during rural drives and suburban errands alike, those olde-fashioned wooden shingles mounted on mailboxes or dangling from porches or fastened to walls: â€Å"The Smith’s† and the like- stark reminders that possessives still throw many people for a loop. Rules about possessives can be complicated, but this error is straightforward enough: Take away the apostrophe and the final s, and what do you have? â€Å"The Smith.† That’s obviously not right (unless the resident ostentatiously refers to himself as â€Å"The Smith† or employs hammer, tongs, and anvil to practice her livelihood). Who lives at this house? The Munsters. Whose residence is it, then? â€Å"The Munsters’† - or perhaps â€Å"The Munsters’ house.† (The additional s is pervasive in books and many other media, while its absence is typical in journalism in the old days of mechanical typesetting, that meant one less piece of type to position and other more casual or ephemeral kinds of publications. In the organic medium of wood, the simpler style can easily be forgiven.) And what if the surname already ends with an s? The rule is to append es to the name, so, the plural of Addams is Addamses. The sign should therefore read â€Å"The Addamses,† or â€Å"The Addamses’ house.† This construction is admittedly cumbersome, and there is a way to avoid it without giving a passing copy editor a case of the shingles: Label your abode â€Å"The Addams house† or inform visitors and passersby that â€Å"The Addams family lives here.† This wording is not as folksy, but it still manages a homey touch without adding sibilant syllables or pesky apostrophes. Admittedly, this ubiquitous error is as much the fault of the sign maker as it is that of the person who commissions the sign, but because it’s difficult to make amends by amending an error engraved in wood, you might want to remember, when you approach the artist’s workbench, the rule for the proper position for the possessive apostrophe. (And email the scribe a link to this post.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

Ebay the Largest E-Business Essays

Ebay the Largest E-Business Essays Ebay the Largest E-Business Essay Ebay the Largest E-Business Essay As the pioneer of e-commerce, eBay is â€Å"sustained by trust, and inspired by opportunity (Chaffey, Dave). † In this case study, I am trying to figure out that how the characteristics of the digital media with strategic decisions taken by its management team have supported eBay, the world’s largest e-business, growth. Analyzing the growth of eBay can definitely help me impress the acknowledge of e-Commerce. Case Study Facts Bay is an online auction and shopping website where people and businesses buy and sell goods and services world wide. eBay’s mission statement is, â€Å"pioneer new communities around the world built on commerce, sustained by trust, and inspired by opportunity (Chaffey, Dave). † As the world’s largest e-business, eBay has various to avoid the risk of fraud, such as PayPal and â€Å"Trust and Safety Programs†. The cost of access the largest online marketplace in the world is extremely low. â€Å"T he vast majority of eBay’s revenue is for the listing and commission on completed sales. For PayPal purchases an additional commission fee is charged. † eBay thinks highly of the interaction between buyers and sellers. eBay released a social media called Neighborhoods in which buyers and sellers can discuss brands and products they have a high involvement with. eBay announced the Detailed Seller Ratings (DSRs) in 2008. It significantly increases the conversion rate by increasing positive shopping experiences. Generally, eBay’s objectives are to increase the registered users; increase the active users who are the sellers, bidders, and buyers on the eBay marketplace; increase the volume and value of each transaction. At the same time, three defining approaches increase the growth of eBay marketplace. First, increase the number and size of categories within the marketplace. Second, formats for interaction. Third, â€Å"delivery specific sites localized for different for different geographies. † Analysis Digital media particularly the internet is the key to success of online auction sites. eBay introduced several crucial innovations functions for the internet. One was the model of online auctions bringing together buyers and sellers to establish prices for goods and services before 2002. The online auction model marks an important extension of e-commerce, offering millions of individuals a low-cost opportunity to engage in a new type of economic activity. â€Å"eBay built an online person-to-person trading community in the internet (http://pages. ebay. com/aboutebay98/releases/9901. html). † Computing power is what makes an internet auction effective. The combination of the digital media and eBay’s strategic business concept makes it possible for a few hundred people to handle transactions worth over 7 million dollars every day of the year. The eBay system can handle all aspects of the auction process. It sends emails when users register for the service, when they place a successful bid, and when they are out bided, and it communicates the outcome of auctions in which they participate. When an auction successfully closes, the system automatically calculates the fee, bills the seller’s billing account, and sends a monthly invoice via email. Other parts of the eBay information infrastructure support eBay customer service and the various community bulletin boards and chat rooms that undergird the online user community. The internet is the key element on eBay’s success. Over the internet, participate wherever they are as long as they have an internet connection. The internet makes eBay more accessible to the bidders and sellers. The large number of bidders and sellers makes the system bigger and the auction site successful. eBay built a free market. As a facilitator, users are allowed to decide what they want to sell, encouraging continuous growth. The users are the ones who control the direction of the site. eBay created a legal system that promotes self-governance. The auction site devised a feedback forum to let users rate one another to discourage fraud. The users are constantly educated; eBay teaches people how to use the site. eBay also has its own banking system, PayPal. Building brand recognition is another key element they focused. It was broken into two parts. eBay is a personal trading community where users could buy and sell almost anything. This definition set it apart from most existing auction competitors and the several that eventually followed. Part 2 is the market segmentation. Serious collectors and small dealers were identified as the heaviest site users. These individuals and the people who sold to them accounted for 80% of total eBay revenues even though they represented only 20% of registered users. eBay’s success based on those elements. Control the lion’s share of transactions. Buyers and sellers gravitate to the site with the greatest volume of participants – the network effect. Provide a large and interesting selection of goods. Product depth and variety attract buyers, which in turn will attract more sellers. Achieve system reliability. Outages are costly and undermine user loyalty. Provide high-quality customer service. Users need to have their questions answered and their problems resolved; otherwise, they will stop trading or go elsewhere. Assure the reliability of user deliveries and payments. Increase website convenience an accessibility. If a site is easy to access and navigate, more people will log on, stay loner, and make more transactions. Develop high-quality search tools. People will not buy what they cannot locate quickly on the site. REFERENCES Community: About eBay: Releases: 9901. (n. d. ). Electronics, Cars, Fashion, Collectibles, Coupons and More Online Shopping | eBay. Retrieved November 4, 2012, from http://pages. ebay. com/aboutebay98/releas avyg86. dsl. pipex. com/ecom/ebusiness%20exam%20questions. pdf Chaffey, Dave (). E-Business and E-Commerce Management: Strategy, Implementation and Practice [4] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http://online. vitalsource. com/books/9781256084587

The Use of Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Essay

The Use of Evidence Based Practice in Nursing - Essay Example In nursing, evidence-based practice calls for the re-evaluation of research for the purpose of improving inadequate practice. In clinical settings, the use of evidence based practice takes into account factor such as the consideration of the need for change, where the research question’s formulation is based on the shortfalls of current health practices (McGonigal & Mastrian, 2011). The use of evidence based practice also takes into account the best existing evidence, understanding it, and integrating it after making the necessary improvement. Models for implementing evidence based practice in clinical settings Some models for implementing evidence based practice in clinical settings include the Ottawa model of research use, the Stetler model, and the IOWA model of evidence-based practice. The Ottawa Model of Evidence Based Research in Nursing The Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU) was first created as an interactive model (Kirchhoff, 2004). The Ottawa Model of Research Use is quite effective in practice contexts and holds that research is a dynamic process that involves interconnected actions as well as decisions being made by different people in relation to each of the theory’s elements. The Ottawa Model of Research has undergone different evaluations, with the most recent including factors such as evidence based innovation, the practice environment, potential adopters, the adoption of innovators, the implementation of interventions, and the results of the execution of innovations. The Stetler-Model The Stetler Model of Research Utilisation is a model that is practice-oriented, and is used mainly as a conceptual and procedural guide for the execution of research outcomes in practice. The theory’s first part consists of the five stages of research utilisation (Stetler, 2003). The theory’s second part has to do with clarifying the existing data as well as options for each stage. The Iowa Model of Research is basically used to enhance the general quality of healthcare, and is a creation of the Quality Assurance Model Using Research (Stetler, 2003). Research utilisation is perceived to be an organisational procedure through which different factors are used to unite the practical implementation of research theories. The IOWA Model The Iowa Model can be used for the purposes of implementing quality healthcare as it provides a framework for medical practitioners to make decisions about the daily practices that impact patient care outcomes (Larrabee, 2009). The Iowa Model encourages health practitioners to generate practice questions, whether as a means to solve an existing concern, or simply to acquire new knowledge. These three models allow for medical practitioners to be able to share important data with others within as well as without a medical organisation; thereby increasing nu rsing knowledge and encouraging other medical organisations to take on evidence based practices. Three information technology applications in quality management Three information technology applications that are very important in quality management processes in healthcare sectors include electronic health records, bar coding, and the use of the clinical decision support system. Electronic health records were first created to serve as a type of electronically based file cabinet holding various types of information about a medical facility’s patients. Its continued improvement meant that it would further benefit by integrating text, handwritten

The Close Relationship Between Financial Leadership and Financial Goal Dissertation

The Close Relationship Between Financial Leadership and Financial Goal Setting of Top SMEs - Dissertation Example Generally, this requires a finance strategy (Bender & Ward, 2009) that seeks the maximisation of sales, market share, profits, earning per share, return on investment, growth, stock price and stockholders' well being (Bierman, 1999). Finance leadership is important in attaining good results for corporate entities. Financial leadership involves strategic thinking, innovation, management of business risks and change (Militello & Schwalber, 2000). Strategic thinking entails the use of structured and emergent systems to plan and attain results for the whole organisation over a long period of time. A leader has the responsibility of considering the internal organisational and external environmental factors in order to come up with a good strategy. When a strategy is in operation in an organisation, the leaders will have to identify inhibitors and other factors that can prevent them from attaining their objectives and solve them through a comprehensive risk management system. Innovation ha s to do with the continuous improvement of systems, processes and products of an organisation and it requires deep thinking and analysis to be attained. Financial management requires four things: Leadership, Ethics, Structures & Responsiveness (Blore et al, 2004). In other words, a financial leadership structure must be sensitive to the technical elements of leadership as well as the ethical concerns of leadership. It should also have structures of rules and regulations that would regulate activities throughout the organisation and be responsive to emergent matters and situations that would come up. The distribution of authority in organisations is done through a defined organisational structure which sets out the relationship between various units of the organisation (Stevens & Loudon, 2005). For the sake of accountability, there is the need for reporting to be done by subordinates to people in authority (Stevens & Loudon, 2005). Therefore people who have power delegated to them ha ve the duty of reporting to their leaders at regular intervals. Some of these reports include financial reports like management financial information from lower units which culminates in the creation of income and position statements that are used by various stakeholders for decision making. Problem Statement In practical terms, there is a questions about how these necessary qualities of financial leadership relate to businesses and their goals. For instance one would wonder why some companies are growing quickly financially whilst others are folding up in the UK. It is true that the global recession is making business difficult but how come some are growing fast and some are growing slowly? It therefore suggests that some businesses are getting some principles of finance right whilst others are not. What are the structures in financial systems and structures that affect financial goals of an organisatio

Terms Comparison Paper Essay Example for Free

Terms Comparison Paper Essay Within the world of health care economics, the United States â€Å"for-profit† health care system, strife with inflated costs and barriers to access, is in a process of reform. Rising insurance premiums, capitation, and market competition that discourage the consumption of unnecessary services currently reward providers for their focus on acute, episodic treatments, rather than encouraging improved health outcomes or disease prevention. The supplier-induced market has forced medical providers to base treatment recommendations on economic necessity. Complex billing and insurance operations have caused administrative costs to skyrocket. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) aims to correct these inefficiencies by reducing personal health care costs, improving community health, and increasing access to quality care. The following discussion will examine the interplay of capital resources, Meaningful Use, and financial incentives within the world of health care economics and system reform. Capital Resources Capital resources refer to assets used by a health care organization that facilitate the delivery of services. As the United States’ health care system evolves from an institution dependent on the acquisition of revenues from hospital admissions and procedures to one focused on managing health and wellness, the careful utilization and deployment of capital resources is critical to economic growth. Computer programs are a beneficial capital resource that supports the practice of medicine, such as computerized order entry or clinical decision support systems. For example, a computerized order entry system reduces the duplication of diagnostic testing while clinical decision support systems help providers manage chronic conditions. Industry experts agree the adoption of health care information technology (HIT) is necessary for improving quality and efficiency, although, as of 2006, only 12% of physicians and 11% of hospitals invested in technological improvements to their capital resources (Congress, 2008). Meaningful Use Meaningful Use refers to standards of quality demonstrated when using electronic health records (EHR) to deliver services. Traditionally, quality improvement initiatives evaluated services on a case-by-case basis; for example, was a procedure performed properly, were there complications, was  the patient satisfied, and was the provider properly trained? The ACA’s movement towards health care reform expands the focus on reducing individual errors to addressing system performance and community health. Through data capture and sharing, health care organizations gain the ability to use this information to analyze and advance clinical processes. For instance, through the aggregation of real-time patient data early warning systems can reduce medical emergencies, transitions to intensive care, and mortality rates. Even though the ACA does not mandate the adoption and Meaningful Use of EHRs, after 2015, all Medicare providers not participating in the EHR incentive program may be sub ject to financial penalties (Impact, 2012). Financial Incentives Financial incentives refer to monetary rewards and penalties offered to health providers for creating a stronger primary care system that expands access, provides improved quality, and delivers better health results. Under the current fee-for-service system, providers do not receive payments for time spent with a patient discussing medical histories, alternative treatment options, concerns, between visit follow-ups, or even care coordination and management; instead, reimbursements occur through procedures, such as surgeries or diagnostic testing. Under ACA, primary care physicians receive a temporary increase in both Medicare and Medicaid payments. Financial incentives are also available for providers who encourage their patients to obtain preventative care services and for patients, through the elimination of coinsurance, deductibles, and copayments for approved preventative services and tests, such as blood pressure and cancer screenings. Moreover, the ACA Medicaid expansion will p rovide over 32 million people with health coverage, resulting in improved health and less uncompensated care (Abrams, Nuzum, Mika, Lawlor, 2011). Discussion Within the world of health care economics, access to health care services becomes restricted through a fee-for-service model that authorizes third-party payers to prioritize reimbursements for the delivery of acute, episodic treatment over preventative care and wellness. As purchasers, patients have little ability to evaluate the quality of services received or  negotiate fair prices. The ACA serves as an advocate, shifting the focus of the health care system from personal health to community health. As part of this initiative, providers receive financial rewards for investing in technological improvements, such as EHR adoption. Through the development of a national HIT infrastructure, capital resource investments enable data capture and sharing. When combined with Meaningful Use incentives, providers receive encouragement to create real-time monitoring solutions to improve health and reduce costs. Together, the ACA offers a path where primary care providers have the means to devel op a stronger health care system that provides expanded access, improved quality, and increased wellness. Conclusion The United States â€Å"for-profit† health care system, conflicted with inflated costs and barriers to access, is in a process of reform. The ACA aims to correct these market failures by reducing costs, improving health, and increasing access to quality care. The change in focus from reducing clinical errors to addressing system performance and community health is an essential aim of the ACA. Through the adoption of HIT, health care providers strengthen their capital resources and increase their ability to deliver quality, cost-effective care. Once adopted, Meaningful Use incentivizes the use of community health data to establish real-time monitoring programs that detect the need for medical intervention. The ACA offers several economic initiatives to encourage providers to evolve from a for-profit mentality to one focused on health and wellness. The economics behind health care reform will redefine health care demands and the types of services delivered. Over time, the focus on preventative care and wellness will reduce the demand for costly treatments, lowering national health care costs. References Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office. (2008). Evidence on the costs and benefits of health information technology (2976). Retrieved from website: http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/91xx/doc9168/05-20-healthit.pdf Impact Advisors. (2012). Meaningful use stage 2: Understanding timing and penalties. Retrieved from website: http://www.impact-advisors.com/assets/news/document/ IA_Primer_on_MU_Stage_2_Timing_and_Penalties.pdf Abrams, M., Nuzum, R., Mika, S., Lawlor, G. (2011). Realizing health reform’s potential. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/ Publications/Issue%20Brief/2011/Jan/1466_Abrams_how_ACA_will_strengthen_primary_care_reform_brief_v3.pdf